Innocence in Catcher in the Rye Essay Example for Free

Innocence in Catcher in the Rye Essay In JD Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield is a boy aimlessly traveling New York City after being expelled from a classy boarding school. Holden poses a great deal of trepidation when it comes to sexual relationships, especially those of Jane and Sunny. Furthermore, Holden tends to misjudge the maturity of his fellow characters. The combination of this misconception, the tension between sexual trepidation, and an adult life with adult relationships, results in confusion for him. In Holden’s life, there have only been a few people he’s cherished more than his childhood neighbor, Jane Gallagher. They were close childhood friends, and when his roommate Stradlater brings her up years later in high school, all he can talk about is the innocent fun they used to have: playing checkers, watching her dance ballet in the summer heat, and how her Doberman always came into his yard. However, he also reminisces on how her â€Å"boozehound† stepfather would always â€Å"run around the goddam house naked† (42). He suspects that her stepfather had harassed Jane, who â€Å"had [a] terrific figure, and [he] wouldn’t’ve put it past that bastard† (103). This really bothers Holden, as does when Stradlater insinuates that he made sexual advances onto Jane on their date. To Holden, sexual encounters mean an adulteration of innocence, and he hates that Stradlater or Jane’s stepfather may have corrupted Jane. Many times, Holden promises himself that he â€Å"outa go down and say hello to her† (40), or that he should â€Å"give old Jane a buzz† (195), but he never does. Subconsciously, he fears that Jane will have grown up, and calling her or seeing her will surely alter the young, innocent, checkers-playing version of Jane that he has in his mind. This is confusing for Holden because Jane has grown up, yet he still thinks of her as a little girl, not the grown woman that she is. Holden â€Å"knew that she wouldn’t let [Stradlater] get to first base with her, but it drove [him] crazy anyway† (104). This shows Holden’s potential misconception of Jane’s innocence. It is unlikely for a post-teenage young woman to be as sheltered and have as much innocence as she did when she was a little girl. However, this is something Holden cannot grasp. This dilemma is a direct result of Holden’s irrational respect for innocence, influenced by sexual confrontations in Holden’s past. When Holden agrees to have a prostitute come to his room in the hotel, he is soon greeted by Sunny at his door. Holden is immediately unimpressed with Sunny’s maturity; how she was â€Å"jiggling this one foot up and down†, she â€Å"never said thank you†, and she â€Å"had this tiny little wheeny-whiny voice† (123). He also notices that she appears very young, and said things that were really childish. This ends up making him feel â€Å"more depressed than sexy† (123), and he decides not to have sex with her after all. The depiction of this young girl making money as a prostitute seems to upset Holden, and he ultimately concludes that having sex with her would spoil her innocence. This is where Holden is again misguided. Just as it is unlikely for Jane to retain the same degree of innocence through the years, it is improbable that Sunny, being a prostitute, will have not had sex with many people in the past, therefore preserving her innocence. But all Holden can see in Sunny is the childish and immature, which results in a conflicted view of the world. The importance of innocence to Holden is something that results in nervousness towards others’ sexual identity and activity. His perspective of Jane and Sunny’s innocence is also misguided to the point where he sees innocence in them when there is none. Overall, the importance of innocence to Holden results in contention that is less than innocent.

Effects Of Mangrove Destruction In Mumbai Environmental Sciences Essay

Effects Of Mangrove Destruction In Mumbai Environmental Sciences Essay Rapid expansion of urban spaces has caused pressure on fragile ecosystem of the city. Uneven growth of various regions has made migration a serious challenge. Increasing population growth of metropolitan has created concretization of island city and clearing of vital floral resources. Thousands of people from various parts of the country come to Mumbai every month. Around 43 per cent of citys population considered to be migrant. The predominant migrants are of rural origin, coming from various parts of the country, with two-third to three-fourths of all migrants belonging to this category. There are migrants from other countries as well but these have been less than one per cent since 1981 (Census; 2001). This trend migration is a Destruction of mangrove that was the habitat of several species of fishes have combined to leave the citys fisher folk of around 50,075 (Marine Fisheries Census; 2005) gasping for survival. Among various reasons economic factors have been the major cause for migration to Mumbai. About 69 per cent of males stated that employment was the main motive behind their movement. The data show that the rate of migrants in search for better employment has been higher in the late 1990s. Social reasons such as marriage and accompanying the family con stituted about 90 per cent of female migration. (Singh 2001) Population pressure is continuously increasing in the coastal area, so because of this expanding population mangrove is facing significant pressure of destruction. Mangroves have been cleared and degraded on an alarming scale during the past four decades (Valiela et al., 2001; Wilkie and Fortuna, 2003; Duke et al., 2007), yet they remain an important source of wood and food products and provide vitally important environmental services for coastal communities throughout the tropics (Balmford et al., 2002). Climate and Rainfall Kolis of Mumbai Kolis are the traditional fishing community of Mumbai and are the original inhabitants of the island city. Fishing is still the main source of their livelihood. The interesting fact is that, Mumbai is derived from the Koli word, Mumba, which means goddess of water. Several records reveal that Kolis have been found in Mumbai from early times. Dr. Gerson da Cunha in the book Origin of Mumbai describes old Mumbai as the desolate islet of the Mumbai Koli fishermen. The Kolis are reported to have occupied the land in A.D. 1138 The Koli community has several subcastes, the prominent ones are Koli kolis, Mangela Kolis, Mahadeo kolis, Suryawanshi kolis, Vaity kolis, Koli Christians. Kolis are divided into two occupational classes; Dolkars Vatsad Dolkars are usually rich compared to Vatsad among Kolis. Dolkars practice fishing on large scale Vatsads, who are a poor class of fishermen usually in the employ of the richer members of the community. Men are mostly engaged in fishing while, women take care of housing activities and selling of fish in the local market. Lot of their daily activities depend on the fishing season and tidal movement. Koli is the main language spoken by the community, Marathi is another frequently used language among Kolis. What are Mangroves? Mangroves are a group of trees, palms, shrubs, vines and ferns that share a common ability to live in waterlogged saline soil. These plants have developed unusual adaptations to the unique environmental conditions in which they are found. Mangrove can be typically refered to an individual species. Terms such as mangrove ecosystem, mangrove forest, mangrove community and mangrove swamp are used interchangeably to describe the entire mangrove community (Smithsonian Inst. 1996). There are around 80 species of mangroves found throughout the world (Saenger et al., 1983). Mostly they occur within tropical and subtropical coastal areas subjected to tidal impact. Tidal area can be interpreted to mean a shoreline inundated by the extremes of tides, or it can more widely refer to river-bank communities where tides cause some fluctuation in water level but no change in salinity (Tomlinson, 1986). There are mainly two types of mangrove; exclusive and non-exclusive. Exclusive mangroves are the largest group, comprising around 60 species (Saenger et al., 1983). These mangroves are confined to intertidal areas. Rest 20 species are referred as non-exclusive. Non-exclusive mangroves differ from the exclusive mangrove in the sense that these grow preferably in drier and more terrestrial areas. Features of Mangrove Mangrove Distribution Mangrove forests comprise up to 50 species of woody halophytes restricted to sheltered saline tidal areas, and once occupied around 75% of tropical coasts and inlets (Ellison 1997). Mangroves are the plats of tropical sheltered shores. Mangroves are found throughout the world between latitudes 32 °N and 38 °S. The upper and lower limits of this range are determined by temperature (Chapman, 1976; Tomlinson, 1986). Source: (Source: ENVIS, 2008) Mangrove Distribution in India According to the Government of India, the total area of the mangroves in India was around at 6,740 sq. Km. this covered about 7% of the world mangroves (Krishnamurthy, 1987) and about 8% of the Indian coastline (Untawale, 1987). But recent 2005 data of Survey of India, Dehradun shows an extent of 4,445 sq. km. mangrove areas in India. Out of the total acreage, 57% of the mangroves are found on the East Coast, 23% on the west coast and the remaining 20% on Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Table: State/UT wise Mangrove Cover Mangrove Cover Assessment 2001(Area in sq. km.) SL No. State/UT Dense Open Total % of Geographical Area 1 Andhra Pradesh 14 319 333 0.12 2 Goa 5 0 5 0.14 3 Gujrat 184 727 911 0.46 4 Karnataka 2 0 2 0.001 5 Maharahstra 90 28 118 0.04 6 Orissa 194 25 219 1.39 7 Tamil Nadu 10 13 23 0.02 8 West Bengal 1651 430 2081 2.34 9 Andaman and Nicobar 709 80 789 9.56 10 Pondichery 0 1 1 0.21 Total 2859 1623 4482 0.14 (Source: ENVIS, 2008) Mangrove Distribution in Maharashtra Maharashtra has 720 km long coastline, which has various characteristic features of beaches and rocky cliffs flanked by estuaries and patches of mangroves. Maharashtra coastal zone extends between the latitude 15 52N and 20 10N and longitude 72 10E and 73 10E and falls under five districts of Thane, Mumbai, Sindhudurg, Raigad, Ratnagiri. The mangroves of Maharashtra are the most diverse among the west coast and according to the Forest Survey of India (FSI) covered 116 sq. km in 2003. The area under mangroves in Maharashtra was 200 sq. km. in 1972-75, which reduced to 108 sq. km. in 1997. Mangroves of Mumbai Mangrove along the coast of Mumbai always faced the challenge of various anthropogenic activities over the decade. In early nineties around 37 sq.km. Of mangrove existed in Mumbai, mostly in Versova, Gorai, Mahim creek, Thane and Ghodbunder. Some sparsely covered patches of mangrove are also found in Bandra, Colaba, Mahul and Malabar Hill. The most commonly occurring species of mangrove in Mumbai is Avicennia marina, this covers the almost 60 per cent of species diversity. The characteristic feature of Avicennia marina makes it tolerable for high salinity area. This species also tolerates pollution including heavy metals such as lead, mercury and chromium. Table: Some of the commonly found mangroves in Mumbai (Source: Kulkarni, 2007) Temperature Mangroves mostly occur in areas where the average temperature of the coldest month is higher than 20 °C and the seasonal range does not exceed 10 °C. Lower temperature and frost also limits the growth and distribution of mangrove (Tomlinson, 1986). Rainfall Coastal areas which receive ample amount of rainfall, heavy runoff and seepage into the intertidal zone from the hinterland are most suitable for mangrove. These areas receive extensive sedimentation which provides huge quantity of nutrients, which in turn are favourable for mangrove growth (Tomlinson, 1986). Importance of Mangrove Multifaceted importance of mangrove has been realised in recent times but its ecological importance is known to scientific community since hundreds of years. Importance of mangrove can be broadly classified under following heads: Ecological Importance Mangroves are considered to be the most productive natural ecosystem throughout the world. Mangrove ecosystem comprise of numerous varieties of flora and fauna. Mangrove forest consist of seventy taxonomically diverse tree, shrub, palm and fern species under twenty-seven genera, twenty families, and nine orders that share a suite of convergent adaptations to saline, anoxic habitats (e.g. Tomlinson, 1986; Stewart Popp, 1987; Ball, 1988; Duke et al, 1998). Economic Importance Mangroves provide a vast range of wood and non-wood forest products which are of good economic value such as timber, fuel wood, medicine, thatch, honey, fodder, charcoal etc. Legislative Framework for Conservation and Management of Mangrove in India The Indian Forest Act, 1927: Provide protection to flora and fauna. The Indian Forest Act has been applied to the mangrove forest of the Sundarbans, which have been declared as a Reserved Area. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Provide protection to flora and fauna. Although they do not specifically mention mangroves, these acts can also apply to the conservation of the flora and fauna of mangrove ecosystem. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980: States that No forest area shall be diverted for any non-forestry purpose without prior approval of the Government of India. This act has proved very effective in preventing diversion of mangrove forest area for non-forestry purpose. Coast Guard Act, 1978: The concern for Marine and Coastal waters has led to formation of a special force, The act stipulate that Cost guard should combat oil pollution beyond 5 km in the sea and perform surveillance duty against international dumping of oil or waste by ship/tanker. The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986: It has a crucial role in the Conservation and Management of mangrove ecosystem. It declares a Coastal Regulation Zone notified in 1991, in which industrial and other activities such as discharge of untreated water and effluents, dumping of waste and land reclamation are restricted in order to protect the Coastal environment. Condition of Mangrove in Coastal Regulation Zone It is stipulated that in case of mangrove with an area of 1000 sq.m or more, would be classified as CRZ with a buffer zone of at least 50 m Mangrove is a tropical tree growing, along the coast and requires saline water for its growth. Expert in this field say that mangrove are very important along the coast for breaking of tides and it is valuable resources having several direct uses. Hence proper the protection of mangrove is very important. (Chauhan, 2004) Prohibited Activities in the Coastal Regulation Zone (a) Setting of new industries and expansion of existing industries (except those directly related to waterfront or directly needing for shore facilities). (b) Manufacture, handling, storage or disposal of hazardous substances. (c) Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing (d) Discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, cities and other human settlements. (e) Dumping of cities and town wastes for the purpose of land filling. (f) Dumping of ash or any wastes from thermal power station. (g) Land reclamation bunding or disturbing the natural course of seawater with similar obstructions except those required for control of coastal erosion. (h) Mining of sands, rocks and others sub strain materials except other minerals not available outside the CRZ areas. (i) Construction activities in ecologically sensitive areas. (j) Any construction activities between the Low Tide line and high tide line except in permitted areas. (k) Dressing or altering of sand dunes, hills natural features including landscape changes. Regulation of Permissible Activities in Coastal Regulation Zone 1. Clearance shall be given for any activities within the CRZ if it requires waterfronts and fore shore facilities. 2. The following activities will require environmental clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest Govt. of India. a) Construction activities related to defence requirements for which fore shore facilities are required (e.g. Jetties etc.). b) Operational constructions for ports and harbours and lighthouses requiring water frontage Jetty, waves quays etc. c) Thermal Power Plants (only foreshore facilities for transport of raw materials for intake of cooling water and out fall for discharge of treated waste water). d) All other activities with investment exceeding rupees Five Crores. 3. a) The Coastal states and Union territory Administration shall prepare Coastal Zone Management Plans at the earliest and approval be taken from Central Govt. in the Ministry of Forest and Environment. b) Within the Framework of such approval plans the State Govt./U.T. Administration or local Authorities shall regulate all development and activities within the Coastal Regulation Zone. Violation of Coastal Regulation Zone has been seen in various parts of Mumbai Metropolitan region. Several environmental activists have raised the voice against these violations. Coastal area is vital to the prosperity of country and usually most productive areas, supporting a wealth of marine resources. With rapid industrialization, urbanization, resultant pollutions and depleting resources along the coast have resulted in degradation of coastal ecosystem and diminishing the living resources. Environmentally effective coastal zone management requires accurate, up to date and comprehensive scientific data on which policy decision can be used. Mangrove Destruction and its Impact Importance of mangrove has been recognised by various stakeholders of the society viz. scientists, government, local populations of biotic and socioeconomic services. Accurate estimates of global deforestation rates of mangroves are not available; its well-known environmental and socioeconomic impacts are observed and increasingly documented in coastal communities that depend directly on mangroves, and in upland communities with economic links to the coast. The primary cause of destruction throughout the world is clear cutting, illegal dumping and reclamation; these are carried for the purpose of agricultural activities, aquaculture, urban expansion, and resort development and have threatened the majority of mangrove ecosystem. This destruction exacerbating economic stress of largely low-income, fast growing local population, who are driven to exploit mangroves despite clear signs of degradation. Mangrove forests are a source of livelihood for thousands of coastal communities in developing countries worldwide; these communities traditionally harvest fish, shrimp, timber, non-timber forest Products, and fuel wood from them. The importance of the mangrove ecosystem transcends provisioning services and includes regulatory, ecological, cultural, and aesthetic services. However, these services are diminishing globally, most especially the provisioning service, and this is putting the livelihoods of coastal communities at risk and increasing their vulnerability to tropical storms and surges. These trends are the outcome of mounting anthropogenic activities such as brackish water aquaculture, mangrove forest clearing for infrastructure development and varied levels of harvesting for subsistence. Because of these pressures, mangroves in coastal tropical developing countries are being degraded; for instance, 20-30% of mangrove forests have been lost in West-Central Africa since 1980 (UNEP-WCMC, 2007). Mangrove and Fishing Linkages Between Mangrove and Fishing Fishes and invertebrates use estuarine and inshore habitats in a number of ways: some are only occasional visitors; some use them only at certain life stages, whereas others reside permanently in the estuaries (Lenanton Potter 1987, Potter et al. 1990, Potter Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999). There are various groups of fishes and invertebrates which show distinct association with mangrove. Fishes which are found occasionally in estuaries are termed as marine stragglers (Potter Hyndes 1999, Whitfield 1999) and these stragglers have least dependence on estuaries. There are species which uses estuaries and inshore regions for significant time period especially during juvenile stage only. In some marine species juveniles are only found in mangroves and these are termed as mangrove dependent species; e.g., banana prawn P. merguiensis (Staples et al. 1985, Vance et al. 1996). Catadromous species travel between fresh and marine water also use mangrove habitats at certain life stages e.g., barramundi Lates calcarifer (Russell Garrett 1983). Some species spend their entire life cycle in estuaries and are termed as true estuarine species. The importance of mangrove for sustaining production of fishery in coastal ecosystem is a widely held paradigm that mangroves act as important nursery sites for fisheries species. The function of mangroves as nursery sites is widely accepted (e.g., Blaber 2000, Kathiresan Bingham 2001) and this paradigm is used for important management decisions on habitat conservation and restoration of mangrove (Beck et al. 2001). There are also theories that states; area of mangrove habitat in an estuary translates to the secondary production and catch of commercial fisheries (Baran 1999). There are clear cases of example which depict the correlation between the magnitude of commercial finfish catches and the extent of mangroves. For example, in the Philippines, a positive, but weak, correlation was found between mangrove area and the catch of four families of commercial fish (Paw Chua 1991). Freshwater Mangrove Marine Freshwater Mangrove Marine Figure Number of fish and shrimp species occurring in freshwater, marine and mangrove ecosystem showing higher species diversity in the mangroves (Islam Haque 2005). Mangrove as nursery site for fishes: Mangroves and estuaries share characteristic features such as shallow water, reduced wave action, high organic content in the sediment, high primary production and protection from predators, which may all contribute to their role as nurseries. Nursery areas for fishes have been regarded as any areas inhabited by the juveniles, often with the adults living in separate habitats. But, this definition of nursery is challenged by Beck et al, (2001); he proposes a different picture of fish nurseries a habitat is a nursery for juveniles of a particular species if its contribution per unit area to the production of individuals that recruit to adult populations is greater, on average, than production from other habitats in which juveniles occur. According to this definition nursery is that part of habitat area of juvenile which are most productive in terms of supply of recruits to adult populations and, therefore, to fisheries. Based on the reproductive pattern and its association with the mangrove fishes can be classified into following four categories: a) Regular spawners The spawning activity of the species occurs regularly in the mangrove. The species are not necessarily resident in the region, but they always use it to spawn. e.g. S. rastrifer, B. Ronchus b) Occasional spawners The spawning activity in the mangrove is merely occasional. This region can be used to spawn, but there is no evidence that a great number of individuals in this group of species use it. These species are not as abundant in the mangrove as those of regular spawners. e.g. C. parallelus, C. edentulus c) Matures in system The spawning activity of the species does not occur in the mangrove, but this region is frequented regularly during the final phase of maturation. e.g. I. Parvipinnis d) Do not mature in system The spawning activity does not occur in the mangrove, and the gonadal maturation, if present, does not occur in many individual. e.g. P. corvinaeformis, P. brasiliensis The exact role of mangroves as nurseries are not well understood but a number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain this role (Robertson Blaber 1992, Blaber 2000). The three main hypotheses are that mangroves provide juveniles with (1) Refuge from predators Numerous piscivorous fish enter mangrove during the high tide period (Blaber et al. 1989, Vance et al. 1996) thus smaller fishes escape their predators by entering in mangrove. This is attributed by various factors structural complexity of submerged vegetation, shallow water and turbidity can give significant refuges from predators, especially for small, mobile animals (Robertson Duke 1987, Robertson Blaber 1992). Mangroves provide the protection from prey by structural complexity as mangrove habitat is very complex structurally because of pneumatophores and fallen debris (leaves, branches and logs), prop roots, buttresses and branches. These structures provide protection in various ways: by reducing prey visibility, by lowering encounter rate of prey and predator, and by limiting the ability of predator to search for and capture prey (Rà ¶nnbà ¤ck et al. 1999). Shallow water condition does not favour the entry of large predators thus providing another form of refuse for small fishes and crustaceans (Boesch Turner 1984, Blaber 2000). It has been observed at various places that small fishes and prawns moved into more shallow waters while larger predatory fishes remained in deeper water at the fringes of the mangroves. High turbidity and shade beneath the mangrove canopy decreases the underwater visibility. The turbid and shaded water often found around mangroves may therefore provide an additional refuge from visual predators (Blaber Blaber 1980, Whitfield 1999). Juvenile fishes get attracted to turbid areas and may use the turbidity gradient to locate nursery areas. Abundances of some fish species have been found to be higher in areas of higher turbidity (Blaber 2000). Figure: Conceptual schematic diagram of the nutrient and energy fluxes in self-sustained mangrove ecosystem and the interaction of mangrove with adjacent freshwater and offshore marine ecosystem. (Source: Islam Haque, 2005) (2) Abundance of food Nutrient content and primary productivity are usually very high in mangrove area and food availability is more for fishes and crustaceans than any other coastal habitats. Nutrient comes to the mangrove system from upstream and from seaward and they are concentrated in mangrove area by trapping. Primary productivity in the mangrove forest itself attributed to several sources including epiphytes, phytoplankton, mangrove trees, and benthic microalgae (Rà ¶nnbà ¤ck 1999). Various fishes consume most of their feed when they come to the mangrove area. Primary productivity in mangrove forest forms the basis of a food web supplying abundant and varied trophic resources to higher consumers (Baran Hambrey 1998). Mangrove forest produce litter throughput the year, they have the ability to produce large quantities of litter, ranging from 10,000 to 14,000 kg dry weight/ ha/ year (Hamilton and Snedaker, 1984). Most creatures are unable to assimilate this directly and require bacterial enrichment before consumption. However, sesarmid crabs can directly consume mangrove litter and/or store 30-80% of the litterfall (Rà ¶nnbà ¤ck 1999). These crabs are eaten by fishes, creating a pathway for mangrove nutrients to enter food webs. (3) Shelter from physical disturbances Mangrove habitat is the area of low current, where impact of coastal tide gets reduced. This provides the small juvenile fishes benign physical environment to settle. Mangrove presence increases the residence time of water, especially in flat, wide mangroves with complex waterways (Wolanski Ridd 1986). The juveniles of few species of crustaceans, such as banana prawns Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus ), are found exclusively in mangrove ecosystem (Staples et al. 1985, Vance et al. 1998, Rà ¶nnbà ¤ck et al. 2002) and are described as highly mangrove-dependent. It has been established from various studies that about two third of worlds fish and shellfish harvest are directly linked to estuarine habitat (Robertson Blaber 1992). Rà ¶nnbà ¤ck (1999) listed the proportion of mangrove-related species in fisheries in various parts of the world: Geographical Location % of fishes dependent on mangrove Fiji 60 Florida 80 India 60 Eastern Australia 70 Malacca Strait 49 Southeast Asian countries Fish 30 (Prawn 100%) Malaysia 32 Philippines 72 Products of Mangrove Ecosystem (Source: Saenger et al, 1983) Mangroves of Mumbai Mangrove Destruction Various studies confirm the destruction of mangrove throughout the globe and in particular have focused on estimating the total area cleared, rate of clearing, loss of sediments and erosion (Hatcher et al. 1989, Valiela et al. 2001, Alongi 2002). Figure: Proportion of existing global mangrove areas and areas in the South and Southeast Asia (Source: Islam Haque, 2005)

Darkness Falls in Stantana - Original Writing :: Papers

Darkness Falls in Stantana - Original Writing In a village called Santana lived a young woman called Mary archer. Everyone hated her because she use to go to little children and offer them into her house, and she feeds them with poisonous food because when Mary was a little girl her mum was preparing dinner but she accidentally added washing up liquid with her knowing. When she put dinner on the table Marry came home from school with her father. While Mary was upstairs in the toilet, Mary's mum and dad helped their selves to the sweet and tasty paste. When Mary came downstairs she saw her mom and dad lying down on the ground perfectly still. Mary walked slowly to her mum repeatedly saying "mum, mum get up mum", but there was no reply. Mary knew something was wrong so she quickly and ran out of the house to her neighbors and told them what happened. Since then Mary wasn't the same. One day the mayor's son went missing, so all of the villagers set off hunting for Mary because they had a feeling that it was her that kidnapped the mayor's son Alex. When they reached Mary's house they saw Alex's bicycle lying on the floor outside the doorstep of Mary's house. The villagers kicked the door down and saw Mary with a butcher's knife in her right hand and blood was dripping off the knife. The mayor was in shock when he stepped into the kitchen and saw his son lying perfectly still and red blood surrounding him. The next day the mayor and the villagers all decided to burn the face of Mary and hang her. When they burned Mary's face, Mary put a curse on the village that 20 years later she will return and when darkness falls and children are asleep Mary will kill the child if the child or any other person in Santana looks at her face. After she made that curse she was hanged at the top of tall a wooded stick. 20 years later a young boy named James Patel 11 years old that lived

A Changed Perception :: Best Buddies Downs Syndrome Essays

A Changed Perception Kids with Down’s syndrome. A special classroom. Different. These were the sorts of thoughts I had about mentally retarded people before I participated in Best Buddies for my English 30 service leadership project. Along with four of my classmates, I went to the Best Buddies meetings and two events, a Halloween party and a Penn State women’s volleyball game, and had some exposure to people who have mental retardation. Although the program was not what I’d expected it to be and was frustrating at times, the experience was worthwhile and valuable. There were many surprises that we encountered while doing our project. During the club meetings we were told that we would all be getting buddies, and my group and I were very excited. We had planned activities that we could do with them and even went through an interview process to be matched with one. However, there were too many college students to each be matched to a buddy. This would not have been so disappointing if I had still had a lot of contact with some of the buddies, but even at the party and the volleyball game there were many more college students than buddies. As a result, when I was at the events, I didn’t spend a lot of time talking to the buddies because there were so many other people talking to them as well. Plus, most buddies had their college student next to them, and so it was hard to find an opportunity to talk with them. At those times, I felt like it didn’t matter that I was there. If I hadn’t been there, the club h ad enough other people that having one less person would not have been noticed. But while I was talking to a buddy, I felt like I was actually making someone’s day a little bit brighter, and in the end, this is what was important. Talking to the buddies was definitely the highlight of the program. At the Halloween party, I talked to two different ladies, both named Nancy, for a while. When I was talking to one of them, I felt like I was making a difference in their day, and I felt like my time was being well spent.

Study guide answer exam

Keep in mind that I am looking at your exam questions while writing the study guide. Be sure you know what the terms are, how they have been researched, and describe your answers In your own words. I decided to limit your test to the first three chapters. You can do quite well focusing on the material below. Enjoy! Why is drug withdrawal a painful experience for addicts? Using drugs puts an excess amount of neurotransmitters in the body.When there is an overflow the brain stops making it naturally and when the drug wears off it takes mime for the brain to star making the chemical once again on its own system. Some neurotransmitters are dopamine, serotonin, Acetylene's, Morphogenesis, Gamma- nonparametric acid, Endorphins. Endorphins are natural opiates. Brooch's area and Wrinkle's area in the brain and their responsibilities. B- speaking W-understanding What does It mean to be randomly assigned? The design of a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to an y group or condition.What does it mean to be debriefed? A discussion of procedures, hypothesis. And subject reactions at the completion of the study. Explain what a correlation is and its mathematical representation. A correlation exists when 2 variables are related to each other. May be positive or negative depends on nature of the association between the variables measured. Correlation Indicates the 2 variables that change together In the opposite direction. Strength of correlation depends on size of coefficient.Be very clear about the difference between correlation and causation. What is responsible for carrying information from the central nervous system to tissue? What s an independent and dependent variable? What do we know about Alchemist's disease, schizophrenia and neurotransmitters? Alchemist's brains show to have low levels of ACH-Acetylene's. Schizophrenia is linked to excess levels of dopamine. What Is an agonies/antagonist and how do they work? Chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.Antagonist *jiff]: Chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter. Agonies works with the muscles, and the antagonist is the muscle working against it Know all of the various schools of psychology and their arguments. Structuralism was eased on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements related. Functionalism was based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather that it's structure.Natural selection inherited characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely the alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be â€Å"selected† over time. Behaviorism is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. Humanism is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualit ies of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. What is research replication and why do it?The repetition of study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated. What were the Greek philosophers interested in discovering? Know our policies described on our syllabus well. Know the key points and messages of ALL of our video presentations; Know all of the research methods discussed in class along with their strengths and weaknesses. What is the magical responsible for? What comprises the limbic system, endocrine system, sympathetic nervous system, peripheral nervous system & central nervous system.Limbic systemic: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippopotamus, and the magical. Endocrine systemic>?k G: Group of glandless* that secrete†Z chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily function. Sympathetic nervous immobilizers the body resources for emergencies. Peripheral nervous all those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord. Cent ral nervous G: Brain and spinal cord. How do neurons communicate? Axons and dendrites carry information to and from the cell body. Neurotransmitters send signals chemically between neurons.What is the placebo effect? According to ancient Greek civilizations, what is psychology? A definition for a topic of study. Psyche was used to refer to the soul, spirit, or mind, as distinguished from the Know all of your brain lobes, their location and their responsibilities. Frontal lobes: speaking, muscle movements, making plans, Judgments Parietal lobes: sensory area Occipital lobes: vision Temporal lobes: auditory In order to measure either a physical or mental construct, what criteria must the measure meet?Mean, median, mode they have been researched, and describe your answers in your own words. I decided material below. Learn a lot and earn an A. Enjoy! Why is drug withdrawal a painful experience for addicts (hint: What are the brains' natural opiates called)? Text & Lecture Your brain sto p produce dopamine†¦ Because the drug give too much†¦ And when you stop taking them. There are no dopamine left What does it mean to be randomly assigned? Text & Lecture Randomly select object or†¦.It can generalize the whole population that represent chi What does it mean to be debriefed? Text Ex: give you the different reason for certain study†¦ And tell you the truest after Explain what a correlation is and its mathematical representation. Text & Lecture Ex: something cause other things to happen†¦ A cause B†¦ Ex: not study cause bad grade†¦ Mathematical representation—positive +1 no correlation negative correlation -1 as the research close to O, that means it have no correlation What's the relationship between ice cream sales and pool drowning?Lecture Relation between this too is summer. Cause more sale in ice cream, the more people go swim and more people drowning. A- ice cream b-PDP C heat c cause A and B so more B=more What is an inde pendent and dependent variable? Text & Lecture Independent-music they listen dependent- how many world they memorize (amount that been measure) to Lecture Alchemies – schizophrenia-have ex dopamine or lack neurotransmitters (page 75)(he like to test drugs and what effect) What is an agonies/ antagonist and how do they work?Lecture Agonies- keep the reaction going antagonist-stop the reaction going (ex antagonist can stop the pain) Know all of the various schools of psychology and their arguments?structuralisms, Functionalists, Behaviorist's, etc. Lecture Structuralism- need name v†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ First school in German-take what you have experience and break down-(ex what make you anger) Functionalism- †¦. James – ex(why people drop out school†¦ ) stall-study the whole not parts of the brain he study dreams†¦ Hypnoses John Watson-more about behavior and something that can measure skinner-rewards and punishment

Character study of Rosalind from As You Like It Essay

Rosalind, throughout William Shakespeare’s As You Like It, uses her ability to control language to attain her goals. Using creative speech, Rosalind enables herself to control and manipulate every situation that she is involved with, especially those concerning Orlando and Phoebe. Rosalind dominates many scenes in As You Like It and, ultimately, everything that Rosalind wants to occur does. She even changes her identity to do so. By using ingenious language, Rosalind facilitates the accomplishment of all of her objectives throughout the play. The first situation in which Rosalind displays her dominance in language is in the Forest of Ardenne, disguised as Ganymede, a male. She, knowing that Orlando is yearning for her love, comments on his obvious unrequited love, saying, â€Å"Then there is no true lover in the forest; else sighing every minute and groaning every hour would detect the lazy for of time as well as a clock.† (111) By implying that Orlando’s love is not true love, she immediately inspires Orlando to prove her wrong. Orlando, becoming a little suspicious, inquires why her accent is not rough as a result of her living in the secluded forest her entire life. She retorts almost immediately with an elaborate story in which she states, â€Å"But indeed and old religious uncle of mine taught me to speak, who was in his youth an inland man, one that knew courtship too well, for there he fell in love. I have heard him read many lectures against it.† Although a lie, Rosalind uses this sly and dece ptive speech to give herself the excuse to sound educated and the ability to discuss love. Rosalind sets up this situation from the beginning, enabling herself to discreetly mention true love in order to get Orlando’s full attention. Rosalind goes on to obtain Orlando’s undivided attention by saying, â€Å"There is a man that haunts the forest that abuses our young plants with carving ‘Rosalind’ on their barks, hands odes upon hjawthrons and elegies on brambles, all, forsooth, the name of Rosalind. If I could meet that fancy-monger, I would give him some good counsel, for he seems to have the quotidian of love upon him.† (113). Rosalind proclaims herself as an expert of love in order to give herself an excuse to meet with Orlando and help him cope with his situation She knows Orlando will surely agree to meet with her to discuss his love. He says that he is truly in love, but Rosalind states that â€Å"there is none of my uncle’s marks upon you. He taught me how to know a man in love.† Orlando retorts, â€Å"I would I could make thee believe I love.† By implying that Orlando may not even be in love at all, and promoting herself as an expert, she is enabling herself to â€Å"counsel† Orlando. She leads Orlando to want to prove he is in love with Rosalind. The major fact that she is interested in is observing how deeply Orlando is in love with her and how desperate he is to be with her. By leading Orlando on to believe that she is an expert when it comes to matters that concern true love, Rosalind allows herself to find out what Orlando is thinking about her from a third person, and unbiased, perspective. Rosalind also creatively uses language to manipulate situations that contain Phoebe, Silvius, and her own disguised character, Ganymede. Although Silvius deeply loves Phoebe, she continues to reject his brutally. However, Ganymede gets involved to defend Silvius, saying to Phoebe, â€Å"Who might be your mother, that you insult, exult and all at once over the wretched? What though you have no beauty-as, by my faith, I see no more in you than without candle may go dark to bed-must you be therefore proud and pitiless?† (131). Ganymede goes onto criticizes Phoebe even more by saying, â€Å"‘Tis not your inky brows, you black silk hair, your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream that can entame my spirits to your worship.† However, instead of getting Phoebe to realize she should appreciate Silvius’ love, Ganymede unintentionally obtains Phoebe’s love. Phoebe states to Ganymede, â€Å"Sweet youthm I pray you chide a year together. I had rather hear you chide than this man [Silvius] woo.† 133. Phoebe becomes attracted to Ganymede not realizing that Ganymede is really Rosalind, a woman. Rosalind, realizing this, continues to insult and criticizes Phoebe. She knows that she can eventually trick Phoebe into loving Silvius. Seeing an opportunity, Ganymede continues to insult Phoebe in order to continue to attain her love. Also, Rosalind sees that Silvius’ love for Phoebe is deep and true, despite that Phoebe rejects and ignores him. She sees the opportunity to manipulate Phoebe into loving Silvuis. As a result, she continues to lead Phoebe on, preparing for the time in which she ahs the chance cajole her to love Silvius. Rosalind uses her creative language one final time in dealing with the weddings. She is able, through the use of witty language, to arrange each marriage, and those who are involved, to her liking. Orlando reveals to Ganymede that he â€Å"can no longer love by thinking,† and now, more than ever, needs to be with Rosalind. Ganymede then responds by saying, â€Å"I have since I was three year old, conversed with a magician most profound in his art and yet not damnable. If you do love Rosalind so near the heart as your gesture cries out, when your brother marries Aliena shall you marry her† By assuring Orlando that Rosalind would marry him the next day, Ganymede then proceeds with the second part of her plan. She realizes that Phoebe has an attraction towards her as Ganymede She uses this fact to persuade Phoebe to marry her, with one stipulation. If Phoebe for some reason decides that she does not want to marry Ganymede, Phoebe would then be obligated to marry Silvius. Ganymede obtains Phoebe’s agreement on their marriage, stating, â€Å"If you do refuse to marry me, You’ll give yourself to this most faithful shepherd [Silvius].† Ganymede goes on to state: [To Silvius] I will help you if I can. [To Phoebe] I would love you if I could-Tomorrow meet me all together. I will marry you if I ever marry a woman, and I’ll be married tomorrow. [To Orlando] I will satify you and you shall be married tomorrow. Eventually, Ganymede reveals herself as Rosalind, and, accompanied by Hymen, prepares to marry Orlando. Aliena reveals herself to be Celia and weds Oliver. Phoebe, realzing that her lover, Ganymede, is really a female, then agrees to wed Silvius as a part of he pact with Rosalind.

Niels Bohr and the Manhattan Project

Danish physicist, Niels Bohr won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics in recognition of his work on the structure of atoms and quantum mechanics. He was part of the group of scientists that invented the atomic bomb as part of the Manhattan Project. He worked on the Manhattan Project under the assumed name of Nicholas Baker for security reasons. Model of Atomic Structure Niels Bohr published his model of atomic structure in 1913. His theory was the first to present: that electrons traveled in orbits around the atoms nucleusthat the chemical properties of the element was largely determined by the number of electrons in the outer orbitsthat an electron could drop from a higher-energy orbit to a lower one, emitting a photon (light quantum) of discrete energy Niels Bohr model of atomic structure became the basis for all future quantum theories. Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr In 1941, German scientist Werner Heisenberg made a secret and dangerous trip to Denmark to visit his former mentor, physicist Niels Bohr. The two friends had once worked together to split the atom until World War II divided them. Werner Heisenberg worked on a German project to develop atomic weapons, while Niels Bohr worked on the Manhattan Project to create the first atomic bomb. Biography 1885 - 1962 Niels Bohr was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on October 7, 1885. His father was Christian Bohr, Professor of Physiology at Copenhagen University, and his mother was Ellen Bohr. Niels Bohr Education In 1903, he entered Copenhagen University to study physics. He received his Masters degree in Physics in 1909 and his Doctors degree in 1911. While still a student he was awarded a gold medal from the Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, for his experimental and theoretical investigation of the surface tension by means of oscillating fluid jets. Professional Work Awards As a post-doctoral student, Niels Bohr worked under J. J. Thomson at Trinity College, Cambridge and studied under Ernest Rutherford at the University of Manchester, England. Inspired by Rutherfords theories of atomic structure, Bohr published his revolutionary model of atomic structure in 1913. In 1916, Niels Bohr became a professor of physics at the University of Copenhagen. In 1920, he was named director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University. In 1922, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics ​for recognition of his work on the structure of atoms and quantum mechanics. In 1926, Bohr became a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and received the Royal Society Copley Medal in 1938. The Manhattan Project During World War II, Niels Bohr fled Copenhagen to escape Nazis prosecution under Hitler. He traveled to Los Alamos, New Mexico to work as a consultant for the Manhattan Project. After the war, he returned to Denmark. He became an advocate for the peaceful use of nuclear power.

Intercultural Communication And The Contemporary World Essay

The rapid development of communications and transportation technologies has gradually transformed human society into a global community in the 21st century, in which the concept of intercultural communication has become a necessity for people to interact with others in an appropriate way to convey effective messages (Chen et al., 2014 p. 1). In order to establish a multicultural civil society across nations and regions, the study of intercultural communication is of great significance for developing the entire global society harmony and sustainability. This essay will mainly talk about the content of intercultural communication with the recognized definitions, and by using three major experiences of intercultural communication, it will analyze deeply into what has been observed during these experiences and how do the experiences exemplify intercultural communication in the contemporary world. Based on the illustration of the three experiences, this essay will also explain how these e xperiences and reflections have affected my personal thinking and shape my current value. Intercultural communication describes a kind of communication, which is carried out with the objective of sharing information across various cultures and social groups (Batardià ¨re, 2015 p. 4). Its primary focus is on how individuals from different countries as well as different cultures communicate and view the world around them and its main context focuses on the differences in religion, ethnicity,Show MoreRelatedUnderstanding Cultures And Intercultural Communication1512 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Understanding cultures and intercultural communication in terms of countries and nationalities is no longer relevant or effective.† Evaluate this statement, referring to relevant theories and using examples where appropriate. 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