The Civil Rights Movement Of The United States - 1668 Words

The civil rights movement in the USA in the 1950’s and 1960’s.can be termed as a democratic movement. The basic reason behind this was the discrimination of the African-Americans that were enslaved and did not have citizen rights. The African-Americans protested greatly against their injustice. The birth of the civil rights movement was before the 1954 Supreme Court’s decision on Brown versus Board of Education (Topeka) which stated that separate but equal schools was against the Constitution. From the discrimination that started 400 years ago, African Americans failed to contribute in every function of political, economic and social life in the United States and this provided them an urge to have equal citizen rights. (Welcome to the Civil Rights Digital Library, n.d.) From petitions to pickets, protests and to boycotts and lawsuits, these were the forms of struggles that the people before 1954 engaged in. many of the activities gained huge success and produced results in the twentieth century. Faith was the sole inspiration that kept the African Americans to keep fighting for their education, employment and other facilities that were restricted to them because of racial discrimination. The history of African Americans in the United States is full of tragedy and violence but also shows the power of hope and determination. The journey against such racial discrimination needs to be remembered and told so that one remembers the story of courage, strength and hope. In addition,Show MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement in the United States1401 Words   |  6 PagesSocial movements are one of the primary means through which the public is able to collectively express their concerns about the rights and wellbeing of themselves and others. Under the proper conditions, social movements not only shed light on issues and open large scale public discourse, but they can also serve as a means of eliciting expedited societal change and progress. Due to their potential impact, studying the characteristics of both failed and successful social movements is important inRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1157 Words   |  5 PagesAnd by virtue of the power and for the purpose of the aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.† (CITE TEXT) It took just over 100 years for African-Americans to achieve the dream that Abraham Lincoln envisioned nearly a centuryRead MoreThe United States And The Civil Rights Movement1727 Words   |  7 Pagesdistinctions . An example of this in the United States was the Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s through the 1960s. African Americans fought to assert their full rights as Americans. Women fought to be able to stand next to a man in any profession and receive equal pay and respect. Now, since the late 1960s it is the homosexuals who still struggle for their equal rights. The homosexuals movement is a civil rights movement that advocates for equivalent and social rights for the lesbian, gay, bisexual,Read MoreThe United States And The Civil Rights Movement903 Words   |  4 Pagesstrength of the civil rights movement struck the attention of political figures that influenced calls to reform the U.S. immigration policy. In the 1920’s immigration was based on the national-origins quota system. The system assigned each nationality a quota, which restricted immigration on the basis of existing proportions of the population due to its representation in past U.S. census figures. The goal of the quota system was to maintain the existing ethnic composition of the United States. However,Read MoreThe United States Of The Civil Rights Movement1803 Words   |  8 Pagesmany wars in the United States of America occurring. After World War two things began to change. The Soviet Union and United States of America had many differences. Even the world after World War Two was very different than before. A doctrine of containment was developed and programs began to be put in place due to this doctrine. There was also a Cold War and there were many important causes that lead to this war. The United States also had a lot going on because of the Civil-rights revolution. ThisRead MoreThe United States And The Civil Right Movement1594 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States more than two million people are incarcerated and seven million are under correctional supervision. There are 13 million adults that have been convicted of a felony and 47 million American have something on their r ecord. Having a felony has attained a newfound relevance in the United States (King, 2006) . In many states begin a felon come with obstacles both informal and formal in the lives of people with a felony convicted. In the midst of the growing civil right movement, theRead MoreThe Civil Right Movement Of The United States1712 Words   |  7 Pageswere only a climax of the protests and civil movements during the time period. Not only segregation, racial inequality has also existed for hundreds of years- it is only during these specific years that the conflict and involvement of citizens across the country peaked through the use of protests as well as the influential people that led them. While influential leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. led the Civil Right Movement, segregation in the United States continued to affect the daily life ofRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States3431 Words   |  14 PagesThe civil rights movement began to influence view about peop le with disabilities. Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954, the US supreme court ruled that it was unlawful under the fourteenth amendment to discriminate subjectively against any group of people. The court applied this to the education of children. Soon people with disabilities were acknowledged as another group whose rights had often been dishonored because of discrimination. Pennsylvania Assoc for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth (1972)Read MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1914 Words   |  8 Pagescollective systems meant to dictate how the masses who believe in and follow them, live and act. Each institution has its own collective set of rules, often times mostly unspoken, to guide what others in the institution should be doing in terms of right and wrong. But these rules are never fixed and may fluctuate with changes in leadership or environment among other things. The fluctuations of these rules mean that they must often be tested by people more on the frin ge of the institution in orderRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States Of America2015 Words   |  9 PagesUntil the 19th century, no abortion laws existed in the United States of America. By the 1880s, most states had banned abortion except in cases where it was necessary to save the mother’s life. The cause of this shift in attitude can largely be attributed to the American Medical Association, founded in 1847. The organization wanted to stop unlicensed abortions by forcing the people giving them out of business. Religious leaders supported the American Medical Association’s move and worked with

Communication Theories Privacy And Personalized

International Master’s in International Communication Studies Communication Theories Privacy and personalized advertising in social media. Josà © Manuel Galiano Garcà ­a 104461015 Professor Sewen Sun Taipei, Taiwan December, 2015 Contents I. Introduction 3 II. Privacy as a framework 4 Privacy Perspectives 6 A. Privacy as Subject 7 B. Privacy as Object 7 III. Regulation 7 C. Privacy-by-design 8 D. Data protection regulation 8 E. US Do-Not-Track Online Act 8 IV. Conclusion and Recommendations for future research 9 V. Bibliography 11 I. Introduction For long time marketers have collected data to help in making decisions (Caudill Murphy, 2000), as E-commerce has become an important part of everyday†¦show more content†¦Algorithms sort their behavior and user-generated content (UGC) for economic benefits derived from big data (Rob, Ralf, Jo, 2014). Once datasets are scrutinized, it is possible to use such knowledge to reach potential customers targeting them based on the mined data. Such targeting is referred to as personalized advertising and has changed from paper surveys designed to determine consumer demographics and preferences to large-scale physical (loyalty card-based), online and mobile data mining applications (Finn, L. Finn, Wadhwa, 2014). II. Privacy as a framework Today as the Internet penetration increases and many services are evolving to the digital era, organizations have attempted to identify, categorize and profile consumers to brand a more effective selling tactic in addition, to offer products more relevant to consumers’ interests.(Finn et al., 2014). On the commercial verge this gives many potential benefits to the development of successful marketing strategies. But on the other side there are widespread concerns about loss of users’ privacy (Guha et al., 2010). Privacy advocates have criticized the systems on which personalized advertising is based. Privacy is a very complex concept however, Solove (2008) describes privacy as a sweeping concept, encompassing – among other things – freedom of thought, control over one’s body, privacy in one’s home, control regarding personal information, freedom from surveillance,Show MoreRelatedThe Latest Trends in Mobile Phone Advertising1074 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept which has been defined by Richard and Curran (2002), ‘it is a paid, meditated form of communication from an identifiable source that is designed to persuade the receiver to take some action, now or in future’ p.74) Mobile advertising is a new tactical instrument, which is being u sed to promote goods and services, as it provides opportunity to interact with consumers in more interactive and personalized way as it is based on demographics of consumer and their interests. Due to dependency onRead MoreThe Great Space Race Is A Book Marketing Ploy By The Team From Dropbox1291 Words   |  6 PagesClass: BDC311 Communication Theory NAME: (Last, First) Student Number: (12345667) Subject Title: (Topic or Project Name) Contemporary Filesharing: Consent through Complacency Contemporary Filesharing: Consent through Complacency The Great Space Race is a novel marketing ploy by the team from Dropbox. The promotional campaign is an attempt to differentiate itself from the plethora or cloud-based services that have sprung up over the years. In fact, the landscape for cloud storage has nearlyRead MoreLateral Violence As A Non Physical Act1368 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviors amongst nurses. The most common forms of lateral violence in the nursing practice include: undermining actions, withholding information, interference, backbiting, incrimination, backstabbing, broken confidences, and failure to respect the privacy of another person. Workplace conflict leads to adverse impacts on registered nurses, patients, other healthcare specialists, and the entire healthcare organization. The purpose of this paper is to highlight lateral violence in the working place andRead MoreWhat Is Internet Of Things?1271 Words   |  6 Pagesof â€Å"Internet of Things† (IoT). What is Internet of Things? IoT is a network or ecosystem of Internet-enabled objects with the ability to share and exchange information among them in real time. Crudely put, it is nothing but machine-to-machine communication among machines connected to Internet, a concept that has been in existence since the advent of Internet. What brings IoT into limelight is the surge of smartphones, wearable tech devices, automobiles and smart homes with in-built sensors and theRead MoreHealthcare Management Systems: Features Capabilities and Operational Benefits1434 Words   |  6 Pagesapplications 3 2- Need of Strategic plan for IM/IT in healthcare industry 3 Rationale 4 3- Systems development life-cycle in healthcare industry 4 4- Key elements for secure access to health care and patient information 5 5- Application of systems theory in healthcare governance of IT/IM 6 References 7 1-Features, capabilities, and operational benefits Patient care applications Patient care applications are proving out to be revolution in healthcare industry. It benefits both doctors and theRead MoreThe Principles Of Goal Setting Applied1388 Words   |  6 PagesHackman-Oldham theory of job design, are regarded as suggestive evidence that enrichment can cause substantial improvements in employee attitudes, but that these benefits may not lead to greater productivity. It is argued that in order to explain the effect of enrichment on performance, it is necessary to consider other factors besides the psychological states produced by jobs which are seen to have certain characteristics. What was the impact of job enrichment on motivation and communication in the HISRead MoreGoogle: Ethical or Evil?3432 Words   |  14 Pagesbusiness practices? The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate the ethical concerns specific to privacy faced by this herculean computing company and to determine the effectiveness of their treatment of these issues. Google opens their corporate code of ethics with a simple sentence - â€Å"Don’t be evil† (Google Code of Conduct,  ¶1). This statement is consistent with the theory of virtue ethics, placing emphasis on the importance of developing to the highest potential. They may not necessarilyRead MoreCis 509 : Case Study3438 Words   |  14 Pagesincreases significantly due to administrative overhead costs. Simplifying the relationship between insurance and care provider not only have cost implication to the company but the experience of the patient may also be improved. There are open communication lines for all aspects of a patient’s care, allowing a streamlined experience for the patient. While Kaiser has combined healthcare and insurance under one company, there are other payers and providers that working together towards similar goalsRead MoreThe Cost Dynamics Of Health Care Industry3422 Words   |  14 Pagesincreases significantly due to administrative overhead costs. Simplifying the relationship between insurance and care provider not only have cost implication to the company but the experience of the patient may also be improved. There are open communication lines for all aspects of a patient’s care, allowing a streamlined experience for the patient. While Kaiser has combined healthcare and insurance under one company, there are other payers and providers that working together towards similar goalsRead MoreEssay Facebook Case Study2595 Words   |  11 PagesMacnamara 2010, 7). The implications of Facebook users behaviour Millions of users are susceptible to potential data abuse by cybercriminals, identify fraud as well as identify thefts should their accounts be hacked (Richmond, 2010). Loss of privacy and bad publicity are also key issues when individuals tap on the social media highway. The recent cash-for-tweet saga by the South Australia Tourisms paid tweets to generate publicity for Kangaroo Island backfired, is a case in point (Ward, 2012

Is Animal Farm Related to the Soviet Union Essays - 870 Words

Did you know that â€Å"Animal Farm† has a correlation with the Soviet Union? For instance, Mr. Phil Kington of Foxwood and Mr. Federick represent the leaders of England and Germany. Napoleon and Snowball each represent Joseph Stalin and Leon Frotsky. Mr. Jones represents the Kest-czar in Russia. With that being said, it is quite evident that conflict has a major part to do with â€Å"The Animal Farm†, whether it’s the fighting with the owner Mr. Jones, the constant fighting with the pigs and other animals, or within the pigs themselves. The animals fighting with Mr. Jones have a major part with conflict in the story. Old Major, an award winning boar, brings the animals of the Manor Farm together for an assembly inside the big barn. He shares†¦show more content†¦Snowball works at teaching the animals to be literate, and Napoleon takes a group of young pups to instruct them on the ideologies of Animalism. When Mr. Jones shows up to retake his farm, the a nimals defeat him once again, in a fight known as the â€Å"Battle of the Cowshed†, and keeps the farmer’s abandoned gun as a spoil of war for their win. As time goes on, however, Napoleon and Snowball gradually bicker more and more over the future of the farm, and they begin to fight with each other for power and influence over the other animals. Snowball comes up with a scheme to build an electricity-generating windmill, but Napoleon strongly opposes the idea. At the meeting to vote on whether to take up the project, Snowball gives a very impactful speech. Even though Napoleon gives only a brief rebuttal, he proceeds to make a weird noise, and nine attack dogs— who were actually the puppies that Napoleon had seized in order to â€Å"educate†Ã¢â‚¬â€rush into the barn and chase Snowball away. Napoleon then takes leadership of Animal Farm and declares that there won’t be any more meetings. From that point on, he proclaims that the pigs alone will m ake all of the choices, for the benefit of each animal. Napoleon quickly changes his mind about the project, and the animals, especially Boxer, dedicate their efforts to completing it. One day, after a storm, the animals find the windmill tipped over. The human farmers in the area declare proudly that the animals made theShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1722 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Animal Farm was first published in 1945, the end of World War Two had finally drawn near and the people of Europe, North America, and other communities across the country had grown weary of the misuse of power on a global level. The rise of the Soviet Union in Russia represented a new potential threat for the countries of the Western world as the same strategies and tactics that Soviet leaders used to come into and maintain power had been seen in the early stages of countless other countriesRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm748 Words   |  3 PagesFight me! Animals have grown to understand humans and be like humans, until they learn to fight back, and keep the idea that they’re free, and then slowly morph back into the ways it used to be when humans were in charge. Analogies about animal farm can range from, the students connecting the book to the bible, government today, passed wars, or even more, because this book was different for everyone. Animal farm is a very simple book at first, but once a person starts to talk about it, itRead MoreRevolutions Everywhere!: Animal Farm by George Orwell873 Words   |  4 Pagesconstruction. A novel named Animal Farm was written by the author George Orwell after he realized the terror brought upon a revolution and therefore wrote the novel to convey his hatred of these events. This book gives an example of a revolution in a society of animals. Most revolutions work in in a similar fashion; so, many revolutions have similar aspects to the story in Orwell’s novel, one of them being the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon. The Cedar Revolution of 2005 parallels Animal Farm in which both uprisingsRead MoreThe Independence of Uzbekistan Was Good for the Uzbeks Even Though They Have Basically the Same System of Government as in the Soviet Union1486 Words   |  6 Pagescountries under some forced union of a unifying power to become content or to have a higher standard of living when their country acquires its independence. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was one of these unifying powers, which influenced several regions to unite as Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs), in 1922, under the same government. Uzbekistan was a land divided by khanates when it became an SSR. Joining the USSR actually helped Uzbekistan; the Soviets built roads, schools, and modernRead More The Parallels Between Animal Farm and Soviet History Essay example2593 Words   |  11 PagesThe Parallels Between Animal Farm and Soviet History Prior to writing Animal Farm, George Orwell had stated: History consists of a series of swindles, in which the masses are first lured into revolt by the promise of Utopia, and then, when they have done their job, enslaved over again as new masters Together this statement and Soviet History provided a basis for a political allegory which is depicted through Animals and tells of the tribulations which surround certain political idealsRead MoreTo What Extent Was Stalin‚Äà ´s Collectivization Successful?3096 Words   |  13 Pagesmy aim, I am going to consult a series of sources and later analyse them by doing an overall evaluation. I will use primary and secondary sources. Two of the five sources used in this research, â€Å"Dr Kiselev’s memorandum† and â€Å"The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine† will later be evaluated in detail in terms of origin, limitations, value and purpose. Summary of evidence: Communists, includingRead MoreHow Did The Success Of The Us Apollo 11 Mission?2028 Words   |  9 Pagesby George Feifer and the PBS RED FILES series. The website now is managed by www.abamedia.com/rao/. The site’s main purpose is to function as an educational and historical archive of â€Å"Russian and Soviet-related archives and other†¦along with supporting documents and text.† The archives feature Soviet propaganda, Oriental art, Romanov era photos, and audio clips from contemporary Russian leaders. A key value of this source is that each poster featured in its catalogue contains information (if known)Read MoreAnimal Farm: A Fairy Story: Why do you think Orwell chose to use a fable in his condemnation of Soviet communism and totalitarianism?1786 Words   |  8 Pagescalled animal farm: a fairy story and was most likely based on the Russian Revolution which occurred during 1917 to 1945. There are many reasons to which why George Orwell would have used a fa ble in his condemnation of Soviet communism and totalitarianism. George Orwell used talking animals to show their interaction of these animals to help link things about humans that he can link to animals in the world. George Orwells book contained many animals which seemed to be imprisoned on a farm by theirRead MoreThe Effects Of Water On The Water Of Water Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pagesindustrial wastes, however it also related to the chemicals use in agriculture and from household. Agriculture require highly amount of water extraction, they also use chemical to fertile their farmland and the animal manure have damaged waterbodies severely. Agriculture uses the irrigation system to stock water for farming purpose. Sometimes the requirement of irrigation for farming can exceed the amount of water that the local water bodies has. The Soviet Union used to do the cotton farming thatRead MoreThe Point Of View Of Communism, Marxism And Totalitarianism1879 Words   |  8 PagesANIMAL FARM BY GEORGE ORWELL Review the novel with the point of view of communism, marxism and totalitarianism. Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell and the book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. This novel is about the oppressors and the oppressed and about the different ideologies used by oppressors to manipulate the farm animals

Marketing and Aesop - 12007 Words

International Marketing Plan: Aesop’s Expansion into Italy TBS982 Marketing in a Global Economy Patjira Aiemsumang 4304834 Natthanee Chatpahol 4230723 Cheuk Kin Jeremy Sin 4429448 Thanyaporn Theerawatphothong 4222490 July 22, 2013 Word Count: 6713 1. Executive Summary The cosmetic industry worldwide seems to be continuously developing, now more than ever with the advent of the Internet companies. Many famous companies sell their cosmetic products online also in countries in which they do not have representatives. Aesop is the trading name of a range of skin care products from Australian company Aesop Retail Pty Ltd. Aesop was founded by hairdresser Dennis Paphitis in 1987 in the city of Melbourne. It is an Australian based super†¦show more content†¦3.1.6. 3.1.7. 3.1.8. 3.1.9. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.1.10. Management and Leadership ................................................................................. 8 Context Analysis ............................................................................................................ 8 Competitors and Industry Analysis .............................................................................. 11 Key Competitors ................................................................................................... 13 Market segmentation and target market group ..................................................... 16 Customer Analysis ....................................................................................................... 14 Collaborators ................................................................................................................ 17 3.3.1. 3.4.1. 4. Strategy Formulation ........................................................................................ 17 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. SWOT Analysis ............................................................................................................ 17 VRIO analysis .............................................................................................................. 18 Possibility Statements .................................................................................................. 20 Overarching Strategy SelectionShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis Of Aesop s Marketing2696 Words   |  11 PagesMarketing Analysis of Aesop Marketing Background Aesop is one of the Australia’s success stories in the competitive world of retailing. Dennis Paphitis established this first luxury beauty and skincare brand in 1987 in Melbourne, Australia. The purpose behind establishment of this luxury brand was to create superlative products for the skin, hair and body (Aesop: the stuff of Fables, 2012). Aesop specializes in making greatest anti-oxidant products using both plant-based and laboratory-made ingredientsRead MoreMarketing Analysis Of Aesop ( Http )1848 Words   |  8 Pages 2015-BUS5MMS (BU-W0507) - MGT AND MKT FOR SVC Individual Marketing Assignment – Marketing Analysis of Aesop (http://www.aesop.com) 30th January 30, 2015 Submitted to- xyz Submitted by – Deepak Singh (18174976) CONTENTS Company Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 Products†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Sustainable Practices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Company Overview Aesop is a 1987 established cosmetics selling company with an idea to make a high range of magnificent products whichRead MoreMarketing Environment And Strategy Of Aesop2668 Words   |  11 Pages Marketing analysis of Aesop Aim: A study of the marketing environment and strategy of Aesop Introduction and marketing background Aesop is a firm that started its operations in Australia and works in an extremely competitive environment. The main objective of this marketing plan is to introduce the products of Aesop to the global markets. It becomes essential to analyze and research the product as well as the market in order to create a stronger strategy fit and align allRead MoreMarketing Mix And Strategies Adopted By Aesop2994 Words   |  12 PagesExecutive Summary This report is regarding the market analysis of AESOP. As AESOP is the one of the best producing products for Skin, Body, Hair, Fragrance and Gifts. In the report, we will analyze the market strategies of chosen company. We will be discussing in detail about the customers of company, its pricing, promotions and placement in market. Important thing is that the focus will be on marketing mix and strategies adopted by Aesop. We would also like to highlight on the recommendations for theRead MoreThe Cult Beauty Brand That Tries Not3186 Words   |  13 Pages The Cult Beauty Brand That Tries Not to Be Table of contents 1. Introduction and background 2. Marketing environment and strategy of Aesop 3. Marketing mix 4. Competitor analysis 5. Recommendations 6. Conclusion 7. References 8. Appendix 1 9. Appendix 2 Introduction and background : This company was founded by Dennis Paphitis, an ex hairdresser, and established in 1987 in Melbourne, Australia. The companyRead MoreAesop And Its History Analysis3243 Words   |  13 Pages â€Æ' TABLE OF CONTENTS †¢ AESOP and its History †¢ PRODUCTS †¢ PACKAGING †¢ SUSTAINABLITY PRACTICES †¢ AESOP’S CUSTOMERS †¢ PRICING STRATEGY †¢ PROMOTION †¢ DISTRIBUTORS †¢ COMPETITORS †¢ RECOMMENDATIONS †¢ CONCLUSION †¢ REFRENCES †¢ Appendix AESOP AND ITS HISTORY Aesop was established in Melbourne in 1987 with a quest to create a range of superlative products for the skin, hair and body. The company is committed to using both plant-based and laboratory-made ingredients of the highest qualityRead MoreBeauty Awareness Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesmany times? Everytime 7. Details: supermarket NAME: VICKY 1. What skin product: Aesop 2. How did you hear about this brand’s skin care product? Word of Mouth 3. Please give any details: Friends 4. Did you purchase after this product of information: Yes 5. Which media you use most? Radio Station 6. What day, time , how many times? Whenever I am in the car, as I use the car a lot 7. Details: I never came across Aesop advertisement on radio NAME: LILIAN 1. What skin product: The Body Shop 2. HowRead MoreRobotics in Surgery5226 Words   |  21 Pagesa significant contribution to the fields of minimally invasive surgical robotics. Their first product was Aesop, a robotic system used for holding an endoscopic camera in minimal invasive laparoscopic surgery. The system is like a third arm of the surgeon. It is operated by foot pedals which got rid of frequent problems due to hand tremors. In December 1993, the Aesop 1000 system was approved by the FDA. It became the first surgical visual aid robotic device certified by the FDA. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Launch Of French Beauty And Cosmetics Giant2215 Words   |  9 Pages(Mictchell, 2014) Statement of Scope In my research report I would like to explore the current environmental factors within which Sephora will be launching in Australia. I will conduct a SWOT analysis to find out Sephora’s competitive position and Marketing Potential in Australia .I also aim to find out the various environmental factors that affects the beauty and cosmetics business in Australia. By conducting this research I intend to identify the opportunities that can be leveraged by Sephora toRead MoreLas 432 Course Capstone Project [Remote/Robotic Surgeries]8094 Words   |  33 Pagesdifferent kinds of surgery are the Zeus system and the Da Vinci system. The Zeus system is composed of a surgeon control console and 3 table-mounted robotic arms. The right and left robotic arms replicate the arms of the surgeon, and the third arm is an AESOP voice-controlled robotic endoscope for visualization. In the Zeus system, the surgeon is seated comfortably upright with the video monitor and instrument handles positioned ergonomically to maximize dexterity and allow complete visualization of the

The Benefits of Skin to Skin Contact for Momabd Baby free essay sample

Introduction Kangaroo care is defined as the way of â€Å"holding a preterm or full term infant so that there is skin-to-skin contact between the infant and the person holding it. The baby, wearing only a diaper, is held against the parent’s bare chest. Kangaroo Care (also Kangaroo Maternal [Mother] Care or Skin-to-Skin Contact and Breastfeeding) is a method used to restore the unique mother-infant. Mothers are more likely to be able to practice skin to skin contact or kangaroo care following a vaginal delivery versus a cesarean which is seen as a medical procedure and not a delivery. Infants born to mothers via cesarean are usually whisked away to a nursery and are separated from their mother for as long as two hours. Infants most alert period is the first one to two hours after delivery and most babies born via cesarean spend this time in the nursery away from their mothers and once they are reunited with their mothers they are now in a deeper sleep state and tend to not breastfeed as well as babies that are born vaginally and allowed skin to skin contact immediately. We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Skin to Skin Contact for Momabd Baby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper focuses on the need to change the way we take care of mothers and infants that give birth via cesarean and allow them the same bonding experience as mothers that give birth to their infants vaginally. Step 1: Assess the Need for Change in Practice The best way to promote change in a healthcare facility is to show how it will benefit the patients and improve the way they view the hospital. Currently during a caesarian section the newborn, immediately after delivery, is handed to the nurses and evaluated and assessed. The mother continues to get treatment as a surgical patient and the time frame of newborn to mother contact can be as long as 40 minutes. Nurses should look into the benefits to both mother and baby in regards to their health when  they receive time to do skin to skin contact in the operating room (OR). Evaluate what potential obstacles could hinder the surgical procedure by doing skin to skin contact and come up with potential solutions so that skin to skin contact in the OR does not interfere with the surgical procedure. The PICOT question: P- newborn babies, I- Delayed time in parent/ person skin to skin time after birth, C- Encourage skin to skin time sooner after birth with parent/person, O- Encourage bonding, stabilize newborns heartbeat, temperature, and breathing. T- Within 6 months. Step 2: Link the Problem, Interventions, and Outcomes The problem with the delay in skin to skin contact is that for many years physicians have performed Cesarean sections in a certain way and therefore it becomes difficult when changing the way they practice this procedure. Hospital procedures are written and followed for many years and physicians can be very reluctant to change the way they practice. The first step is to show both the OB and Pediatric doctors the benefits to mother and baby skin to skin time. Some of these benefits include: stabilize the infant’s heartbeat (especially if they are preterm), temperature, and breathing. Researchers also have found that mothers who use kangaroo care often have more success with breastfeeding and also improve their milk supply. Further, researchers have found that infants who experience kangaroo care have longer periods of sleep, gain more weight, decrease their crying, have longer periods of alertness, and earlier hospital discharge (Kangaroo Care, 2010). The benefits to mom are â€Å"enhanced maternal-infant attachment bonding increased maternal self-confidence, increased maternal affectionate behavior, enhanced relaxation and experience less anxiety, less breast engorgement, and more rapid involution (uterus returning to pre-pregnant size)† (Kangaroo Care, 2010). These benefits could be shown to the physicians and nurses during their monthly meetings and also how improving a mother’s birth experience could raise hospital scores which can improve reimbursement rates in the future. Also showing the nurses and physicians that they can continue to do their jobs without the skin to skin contact causing major disruptions there is a better possibility for change. A protocol could be devised and  discussed in staff meetings, then possibly have a â€Å"mock cesarean surgery† to show how it would work if the protocol was to be implemented. This allows the nurses and doctors a way to see it in action, see how it would impact their job duties, while also coming up with other interventions if needed. Step 3: Synthesize the Best Evidence Research has been done to assist in proving the importance of skin to skin contact of mother/ person and newborn. 1) One study talked about the effectiveness of skin-to-skin contact (SSC) after vaginal delivery, but had concerns after a cesarean section (Gouchon, 2010). It explained that after cesarean births, SSC is not done for practical and medical safety reasons because it is believed that infants may suffer mild hypothermia. The aim of this study was to compare mothers and newborns temperatures after cesarean delivery when SSC was practiced (naked baby except for a small diaper, covered with a blanket, prone on the mothers chest) with those when routine care was practiced (dressed, in the bassinet or in the mothers bed) in the 2 hours beginning when the mother returned from the operating room. Temporal temperatures were taken on the newborns with a thermometer at half-hour intervals. Results of the study showed that newborns who received routine care versus SSC cesarean-delivered, were not at risk for hypothermia due to both groups having almost identical temperatures. The average time from delivery to the mothers return to their room was 51 min. The SSC newborns attached to the breast earlier and the SSC mothers expressed high levels of satisfaction with the intervention† (Gouchon, 2010). This study showed that the skin to skin contact for the infants born via cesarean does not have a potential risk for hyperthermia, which was one of the theories that most doctors use as to why they feel skin to skin contact should not be allowed while mother was still in the OR. 2). This next study found that little to no SSC during the first two hours after birth is associated with less infant self-regulation, and decreased maternal sensitivity and attachment that is not made up for by rooming-in. Although research suggests that early SSC is key to successful initiation of breastfeeding, it is rarely use immediately after a healthy cesarean birth. â€Å"Nurses can be leaders in changing practice to incorporate early SSC into regular cesarean care for mothers and infants by ensuring that the routine care after cesarean births is family-centered  and research-based† (Berg, 2011). This research shows how nurses need to advocate for their patients and show how skin to skin contact early on even while still in the OR, can have long term positive effects for both mothers and babies This can make such a positive difference on a mother’s birth experience which can impact the way a hospital is viewed in the community 3). Another study pointed out that if a mother is unable to do skin to skin contact with the infant after cesarean, then the father can do the kangaroo care and still have positive effects on the infant. The goal of this study was to show the benefits of skin-to-skin contact with a newborn during the first 2 hours after birth, even if it was form the father. Twenty-nine father-infant pairs partook in a randomized controlled trial, in which infants were randomly selected to be either in the skin-to-skin contact group with their father or the standard care group. The data was collected from both groups by naturalistic observations that looked at the infants behavioral response that was recorded every 15 minutes and was given a score in the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). This research information is helpful because it shows that even skin to skin contact from the father can positively impact the newborn. SSC helps to calm the infant and facilitate a drowsy state for the infant sooner than the infants that received the standard care (Erlandsson, 2007). This information can be used to show that if a mother is unable to do SSC, the father can take over the role. This can be written into the protocol so that even cesarean under general anesthesia are still allowed to provide the best care to their newborn which is skin to skin care. Step 4: Design Practice Change Hospital policies need to be re-evaluated anytime there is evidence based research that supports change in the way healthcare is practiced. Taking babies away from the mother after cesarean birth is a long held practice and now research shows that this is not beneficial to mother or baby. Showing that even a father providing SSC can benefit the child it a huge step. Nurses need to be the ones to advocate for their patients and show the research to the physicians as well as hospital administration in order to get the ball rolling and change the way we care for cesarean mothers and infants. Step 5: Implement and Evaluate the Change in Practice Policy reviewed by a committee and re-written so that skin to skin contact between mother and infant or father and infant is allowed immediately after cesarean in the OR unless there is a life threatening issue to mom or baby which would override the skin to skin contact. Providing in-services to inform staff and physicians to the policy change and the benefits that skin to skin contact has for mothers and infants. Keep a log of cesarean deliveries, whether skin to skin contact was implemented, at what point in the delivery was the skin to skin contact initiated and for how long, any issues, and any comments from the parents on how this affected their birth experience. This information should be over a six month study period. Step 6: Integrate and Maintain the Change in Practice The information obtained should help show the benefits of skin to skin contact to all mothers and babies whether they deliver vaginally or cesarean. Hospital policy should be re-written so that all mothers or fathers are able to do skin to skin contact no matter how they deliver and only if there is a life threatening issue to mom or baby would this override the kangaroo care after delivery. Once the policy is rewritten then all staff including physicians will adhere to the policy in order to provide the best possible care to all mothers and their newborn infants. Summary Skin to skin contact or kangaroo care has only been used for vaginal mothers and infants. However, now research has shown that an infant can do skin to skin contact with its mother or father in the OR without any potential issue to the mother or baby. In fact the research shows that it is very beneficial to the mother and infant if they do skin to skin contact immediately after delivery. The setback of cesarean section is having the baby whisked away from the OR to the nursery. If they are shown the evidence based research on how skin to skin immediately after cesarean can benefit both mother and infant and how it can improve the overall birth experience, then they will be more likely to initiate the change in policy and practice.

Pain As Art By Kahlo Essay Example For Students

Pain As Art By Kahlo Essay People express their emotions in many ways. Usually when a person goes through a painful experience, either mentally or physically, they might cry, yell, scream, or get angry. Happy people will laugh, sing, or smile. Frida Kahlo conveyed these emotions through her artwork. Whether she was happy or in pain, Kahlo knew exactly how to use her talents to portray what she was feeling or thinking. However, we remember her art because most of it showed obscene and very hurtful images. She allowed people to see, know, and relate with her cruel reality. To be able to understand Kahlos artwork, it is helpful have some knowledge about her personal life. She did not paint these images because she had a morbid mind thought, but it was due to traumatic experiences. Many famous painters, such as Rembrandt and Van Gogh, drew beautiful landscapes, peaceful scenes, and loving people in them. Many of Van Goghs paintings have been widely reproduced since viewers can escape within these sweet images. Any random person would not see many of Kahlos work on a cafe all or even be able to recognize what she created since her work contained very visual items. From the beginning of her childhood, Kahlo was familiar with pain and suffering. Kahlo was brought up by parents who seemed to have a cold and loveless marriage (Beck 1). She witnessed how a marriage could be depressing and emotionally unattached. Her father suffered from epilepsy, and he experienced bouts of depression. These illnesses made Kahlos father seclude himself from his family and others; however, Kahlo watched over him to protect him from his epileptic seizures (Beck 2). Not only did Kahlo observe an unhappy marriage, she was born with a disease called Spina bifida. In the Health Newsflash Web site, Spina bifida (SB) is a neural tube defect (a disorder involving incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, and/or their protective coverings) caused by the failure of the fetuss spine to close properly during the first month of pregnancy. Nerve damage is almost always eminent, and as we have seen from Kahlos life these people have problems with mobility (Health 1). Kahlos parents knew she had this disease, but they did not tell their daughter. To add to all the madness, she contracted polio when she was seven years old (Diary 288). This disease crippled her and left one of her legs permanently underdeveloped and weak. For such a young and innocent girl, Kahlo experienced more pain than any child should. Another source states Kahlo suffered a contusion, and this is how she contracted polio (Billeter 244). There is no doubt that Kahlos personal paintings portrayed suffering, and it was the main theme she often painted about. Her art is nearly a replica of her life, which seems to progress in an order of time. It mainly begins on September 17, 1925, when Kahlo and boyfriend Alejandro Gomez Arias were in a near fatal bus accident (Diary 288). Kahlo is impaled through her pelvis; she receives broken spinal vertebras and other internal injuries to her reproductive organs (Billeter 244). From this point on, Kahlos life completely changes. She wanted to study medicine, but her life looks as if it is about to come to an end. However, Kahlo survives the bus accident and becomes confined to her bed for months afterward. Her pain and suffering truly began at this moment, and art is finally put onto paper. Kahlo first expresses pictures of herself and her sister Christina since she is by Kahlo most of the time. She drew the scene of the accident, but she never painted it. It is a rough sketch showing the markings she might have erased. A streetcar is drawn as hitting the bus from the side. There are squiggle lines on the ground as people lying in pain, suffering. One person is drawn to stand out because it is drawn well. One can clearly see it is a person kneeling down looking upon the person lying underneath them. .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 , .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 .postImageUrl , .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 , .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7:hover , .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7:visited , .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7:active { border:0!important; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7:active , .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7 .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u19ae7e37466cd8490060eb54799ee5c7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Water Works By Doctrorow And In Cold Blood By EssayKahlo drew a woman on a stretcher or bed in a body cast. She has lines signifying the cast all over her chest, stomach, and shoulders. On her right leg, beneath the knee, are lines also showing a cast or being wounded (Billeter 75). Kahlo wrote to Gomez Arias, Last Friday a cast was put on and since then it has been real torture I feel suffocated. There is a dreadful pain in my lungs and all over my back I cannot walk, and I sleep badly (245). This is one of the few times Kahlo openly expresses the pain and details a side of weakness. Death and pain are apparent in this quick sketch, and they get more shocking and louder as the years go on and more pain occurs. Kahlos pain and resentment towards unable in carrying and having a child is likely to be the worst traumatic experiences in her life. Her prior physical pain does not seem as personally effective to her psyche as the inability to bare children. In a time when motherhood was expected and valued, Kahlo describes herself as being unable to have children thus considering herself as being useless (246). Kahlo marries Diego Rivera on August 21, 1929. He was a major influence and supporter of Kahlo; they were paintings which acknowledged the special capacity of the woman to look truth in the face and, even with an eye on cruel reality, to endure suffering (10). Kahlo becomes the third wife of Rivera, and as the others he asks Kahlo to wear traditional Mexican dress. We can see that she accepts, and Kahlo becomes the Mexican icon. A year later Kahlo has to have an abortion since her uterus and organs were damaged from the bus accident, and the internal pain and suffering rises in her. The art turns from painting portraits of just people to deeper and more detailed pictures. In 1931, the portrait of Luther Burbank displays a sense of death. The roots growing into the skeleton of a body makes a person question why there are trees growing fruit above it. It puts the two polar opposites, life and death, together in one piece. An observer can gradually notice an incline of sadness and depression among Kahlos art. All the inner pain and grief of this woman is being shown to everyone making her work appreciative in a very feminine manner (99). Transforming into an expressive outgoing artist, Kahlo puts so many words and feelings into pictures. Traveling to the United States could have fueled motives for the paintings made in 1932. On the border of Mexico and the United States painting shows the two neighboring nations being completely different. Mexicos side is very primitives looking with the Aztec statues and temples. The United States has the tall buildings, factories, and technology compared to the nature heritage side of Mexico. In all this, Kahlo is standing tall and strong in-between these two countries (101). Kahlo is given another chance of creating life by becoming pregnant again in 1932, but she is denied and suffers from a miscarriage. A major piece of art is created, The Miscarriage. This picture is very graphic and anyone who sees it automatically understands what Kahlo went through. Piling upon the anguish, Kahlo has to endure another loss two years later, and she discovers Rivera is having an affair with her sister Christina (Diary 289). The next shocking picture relieving her suffrage was A Few Small Nips in 1935. A man resembling Rivera is cutting away at Kahlos naked body. Blood and red signifying the pain felt by Kahlo is all over the picture (Billeter 115). This is exactly the reason how Kahlos artwork is seen describing the pain she experienced throughout her lifetime. She began a new style of feminine expression, and became an icon for women and Mexico. No normal person would wish pain or suffering upon another soul. However, if Kahlo did not experience these horrific feelings, the world would not know who is Frida Kahlo. Nor pain of sorrow could stop Kahlo, but death was the only way thing that would stop her from painting.

Helicopter vs Airplane free essay sample

Today, I would like to present to you on the topic, the comparison between helicopters and an airplanes. As we all know, both are an extrodinary aviation miracle. A hundred years back, who would have though of the possibility of a man flying? Thanks to the Wright Brothers, this dream is now a living marvel. Wether it is a helicopter or a plane, they both share the same purpose of making our life easier. Besides that, they both uses the same basic principle of flight which are aerofoil and the Archimedes’ principle. Although they are not entirely the same in the they apply these theories but in a way they are similar. Whether fixed or rotating the wing achieves lift due to its shape. The upper side is rounded causing passing air to accelerate. This makes the air less dense creating a low pressure compared to air below the wing which generates the lift. On top of that, both helicopters and airplanes are widely use in many different fields. Comercial, military, search and rescue, and law enforcement to name a few. Moreover, these two aviation machines are very costly in terms of maintenance, finance as well as development. Although, in the future, statistics shows that the aviation industry will grow drastically. This shows that both are vital elements in the everlasting growth of our future. On the contrary, or the differences if you may, is that a airplanes generate lift by moving through the air while helicopters rotate their wings allowing them to generate lift without forward motion. To fly, helicopters have a propellers while airplanes have an engine that provides thrust to push it through the air, which forces air over the wings and create lift that allows the plane to climb. Helicopters have a main propellor blades that turn about a vertical axis. This large rotor provides the lift and forward motion to the helicopter. They also has a smaller rotor at the tail that counter acts the torsional forces created by the torque of the main rotor. Apart from that, the disadvantage of helicopters are speed and capacity. Speed is limited by the retreating wing or blade. Forward airspeed and blade speed combined cannot exceed the speed of sound. Capacity is limited due to the energy required in rotating the blades and its resultant drag. Fixed wing aircrafts on the other hand, require less power for lift as they take advantage of forward momentum. This means that they are capable of greater speed, higher load capacity and improved fuel consumption. This will then result to a much cheaper operating costs compared to a helicopter. Although, obviously because of its ability to hover helicopters have the advantage of landing in small spaces and hover in the event cargo or personnel need to be hoisted or inserted. This definitely could not be done by an airplane. Because of its dependant on the lift generated by an enough flow of air at a certain velocity, airplanes need a long runway. Meaning to say, it is not as versatile as a helicopter when it comes to landing and take off. Other minor differences between a helicopter and an airplane are airplanes can travel a longer distance in a single flight compared to a helicopter. Airplanes travel in a greater speed and they actually glide trough the air which make them fly smoother and capable of achieving great distances. On the other hand, helicopters do not travel as fast and as smooth. Besides that, most helicopters do not have wheels, they have these frames instead to support their body. Whereas most airplanes have wheels unless they are amphibians or they are in the cold regions where they land on snow. All in all, I personally in love with both of this aviation marvels. Despite their differences they both share the same most important aspect of all. To serve and help us in our life. I think the differences are the things that made them special in their own way. Hope that you enjoy the presentation and thank you for your time. HELICOPTER VS AIRCRAFT Let me expose you all with the differences and similarities between the airplane and helicopter. Airplanes and helicopters are both important forms of air travel, but there are great differences between them. The first major difference between airplanes and helicopters is their shape and design. Airplanes, for example, have long; slender bodies with wings while helicopters have round bodies and propellers rather than wings. Another difference between airplanes and helicopters is their speed. Airplanes can travel extremely fast. Helicopters, on the other hand, are much slower than airplanes. A plane must have some type of foward motion to gain airflow over the wings to thus create lift. Where as the helicopter can simply rotate its main rotor (wings) in a circle to create lift, without needing to have a foward motion. But of course with these differences in designs, they both have different positives and negatives. Such as a chopper can hover, and plane cannot (generally). Although a plane can often fly faster, and higher than a chopper. So depending on your role requirements, either choppers or planes would be better suited. A plane must have some type of foward motion to gain airflow over the wings to thus create lift. Where as the helicopter can simply rotate its main rotor (wings) in a circle to create lift, without needing to have a foward motion. But of course with these differences in designs, they both have different positives and negatives. Such as a chopper can hover, and plane cannot (generally). Although a plane can often fly faster, and higher than a chopper. So depending on your role requirements, either choppers or planes would be better suited. Helicopter is rotary wings aircraft where wings will rotate while aeroplane is fixed wings aircraft where wings are fixed. Helicopter can hover and can fly backward direction and can make vertical take off. While aeroplane can not hover amp; fly back ward, and generally they are horizontal take off machine (Some vertical take off model are also available). Helicopter can not fly at very high speed and at very high altitude compare to aeroplane. For same take off weight amp; to cover same distance fuel consumption of helicopter is much higher than aeroplane. Aeroplane need a smooth terrain (Runway) to land and take off, while helicopter can land and take off in rough terrain also. Due to higher number of rotating parts vibration in helicopter is much higher in helicopter compare to aeroplane. Seat Ejection is possible in fighter aeroplane which is not possible in helicopter. An airplane has to always move forward in order t keep air flowing over the wings, which is what keeps it in the air. A helicopter can hover, meaning it doesnt need to always be moving forward, because its blades move, keeping the air flowing over them. Fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters both generate lift by using one or more engines to drive a wing or wings (a rotor blade is nothing more nor less than a specialised type of wing) through the air. When the amount of lift generated overcomes the force due to gravity acting on the aircraft (helicopters are aircraft too! ) the aircraft flies. Because the wings on a fixed-wing aircraft are fixed the whole aircraft has to move through the air with the wing whereas a helicopters rotor derives its lift independently of the motion of the the rest of the airframe. And that is the key difference and explains why a helicopter can hover but a fixed-wing aircraft cannot. Airplanes and helicopters is their direction of takeoff and flight. Airplanes take off horizontally and can move in a forward direction only. They need a lot of space for takeoff and landing. Airplanes regularly carry several hundred passengers. Helicopters, however, take off vertically and can move in any direction. Helicopters require a very small takeoff or landing space, and most helicopters carry only two to five passengers. Because of the great differences between airplanes and helicopters, each is used for a specific purpose. Airplanes and helicopters, therefore, are both important forms of air travel. The similarities are they are both operated and fly in the air,both of them cause noises,its convenient for people to go long distances in them and they are very expensive. In conclusion, both have their own advantages and disadvantages and both plane and helicopters have its own pros and cons, depending on your role requirements.

Vodafone Ratio Analysis Essay Sample free essay sample

What can you state us about the liquidness. activity. profitableness and coverage consequences for your company? Vodafone’s liquidness ratios increased in 2012 from the 2011. demoing that they are increasing their short term ability to pay their duties due. In 2011. Vodafone’s liquidness ratios showed that they had a short term ability to pay for merely over half of their duties. whereas in 2012. they were able to pay for about three-fourthss of their duties. Vodafone’s activity ratios decreased from 2011 to 2012. This would intend that they were less effectual in the use of their assets in 2012 versus in 2011. Similar to their activity ratios. Vodafone’s profitableness ratio’s decreased from 2011 to 2012. This would take investors or creditors to believe that the success of Vodafone is worsening. although non by much. For illustration. the rate of return on assets decreased because the both the net income and mean entire assets have been easy worsening since 2010. We will write a custom essay sample on Vodafone Ratio Analysis Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page but the mean entire assets have declined at a steeper rate than the net income has been worsening. Unfortunately. the two coverage ratios that were calculated did non convey similar consequences to each other. Although the debt to assets and the times involvement earned ratios both increased from 2011 to 2012. the debt to assets ratio increased by 0. 02 times whereas the times involvement earned ratio increased by about 613 times. Vodafone seemed to hold an remarkably low involvement disbursal in 2012. making a high times involvement earned ratio. Is there anything in your Wall Street Journal hunt that provides extra information to assist you construe these ratios? The Wall Street Journal article merely reinstates what the ratios for 2012 and 2011 are demoing ; Vodafone’s concern is worsening due to a figure of grounds such as unsuccessful nomadic enlargements. and the worsening concern throughout Europe. The article stated that the gait of declined about doubled. suggesting investors and creditors to what their 2013 ratios might look like at the terminal of the twelvemonth if the diminution continues at the same rate. Current and future investors should be cautious of Vodafone’s hereafter. LONDON—Mobile grosss at PLC dropped somewhat more than analysts expected in the concluding one-fourth of 2012. as Chief Executive Vittorio Colao said he can’t do out when a steepening gross diminution at the company will slake or turn around. â€Å"I can non give you a one-fourth when this will go on. † Mr. Colao said Thursday. He said the state of affairs would better as Vodafone cuts costs and moves clients onto service programs that charge for different degrees of informations use while offering limitless calls and texts. Revenue fell 2 % to ?11. 39 billion for the one-fourth. Service gross. the more closely watched figure that excludes handset gross revenues. dropped 2. 2 % to ?10. 37 billion for the one-fourth compared with the anterior twelvemonth. Performance was worse when depriving out amalgamation and acquisition activity and currency fluctuations: a 2. 6 % lessening in service gross globally for the one-fourth. compared with analyst outlooks of a 2. 4 % autumn. The gait of diminution about doubled from the old one-fourth. Vodafone has been staggering chiefly because its turning nomadic concerns in states such as India and Turkey have failed to countervail exposure to challenged European markets that comprise the majority of its imperium. More than two tierces of Vodafone’s service gross comes from Europe. where a extended diminution has been led by shed blooding concerns in Italy. Spain. Greece and Portugal. Service gross for the one-fourth in Vodafone’s Southern Europe region—which includes those four states. every bit good as Albania and Malta—dropped to ?2. 34 billion. a 17 % diminution from the anterior twelvemonth. Chief Financial Officer Andy Halford declined to state whether Vodafone would log another write-down on its concerns in hard-hit European parts. â€Å"In markets that have been on a progressive downward slide. it is non easy to name the underside on all of those. † he said. The company announced a ?5. 9 billion write down on the value of its Spanish and Italian concerns in November because of disputing market conditions. The move came after Vodafone booked ?10. 2 billion in damage charges in the 2011 and 2012 financial old ages because of fighting European markets. à ¢â‚¬Å"We don’t see a dramatic alteration in economic conditions in Europe in the coming quarters. so we expect headwinds. † Mr. Colao said. Vodafone besides struggled in European markets with better macroeconomic mentalities. Gross suffered a 5. 9 % diminution in Germany after the country’s web regulator drastically slashed the rates nomadic operators are allowed to bear down one another to link calls. When depriving out amalgamation and acquisition activity and currency fluctuations. German gross declined merely 0. 2 % . Intense competition in the U. K. besides drove a diminution at that place. Service gross in Northern and Central Europe jumped 5. 9 % to ?4. 84 billion but declined 0. 9 % when depriving out currency fluctuations and M A ; A. One bright topographic point for Vodafone apart from its dining Turkish concern has been its 45 % interest in Verizon Wireless. or VZW. the U. S. mobile operator formed in 2000 as a joint venture with Verizon Communications Inc. Service gross at VZW jumped 8. 7 % in the one-fourth. when depriving out currency fluctuations and M A ; A. as the U. S. operator added clients. Verizon Communications Chief Executive Lowell McAdam has expressed involvement in purchasing Vodafone’s interest in the venture. Meantime. Vodafone is profiting from exposure to the U. S. Vodafone â€Å"must be believing ‘good thing we didn’t sell that VZW thing. † Sanford C. Bernstein A ; Co. analyst Robin Bienenstock said in a note on Thursday’s consequences. Mr. Colao said Vodafone’s problems in Europe aren’t linked to his believing about the hereafter of the company’s minority interest in VZW. â€Å"We have a portfolio benefit in holding made the determination to remain at that place. † Mr. Colao added. â€Å"Having said that. we on a regular basis review the state of affairs. For the clip being. we are happy with this portfolio allotment. † Vodafone reiterated its counsel for the financial twelvemonth. It said full-year operating net income would fall between ?11. 5 billion and ?11. 9 billion. while free net h ard currency flow would come in between ?5. 3 billion and ?5. 55 billion

Lupercalia the Ancient Origin of Valentines Day Essay Example

Lupercalia the Ancient Origin of Valentines Day Essay Valentines Day and February equal love and romance. In Ancient Rome, this time of year had similar connotations, but they were celebrated very differently. In modern times, the month of February and St. Valentines Day has come to symbolize love and romance, and has been celebrated in this gentile way since the days of courtship and wooing of the Middle Ages. But the origin of February can be connected with love and fertility by be tracking back to the roots of ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia, a fertility celebration celebrated on February 15. The Lupercalia festival was celebrate to honor Lupercus, a god of fertility and farming, and it was celebrated with annual sacrifices and feasts. One of the aims of the festival was to purify the land and the young women of child-bearing age. During the Lupercalia, two priests, called lupercis, sacrificed two male goats and a dog at the sacred cave where Romulus and Remus were supposedly nursed by the she-wolf. After a feast, the young men dressed in nothing but a belt with goats skins, running through the city streets, whipping people (mostly young girls and women) with thongs cut from the sacrificial goat skins. We will write a custom essay sample on Lupercalia the Ancient Origin of Valentines Day specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lupercalia the Ancient Origin of Valentines Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lupercalia the Ancient Origin of Valentines Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This act was thought to purify the girls, ensure their fertility, and lessen the pain of childbirth. Names were also drawn from an urn to pair up young men and women as part of the festivities. This was intended to lead to marriages and children. February occurred later in the ancient Roman calendar than it does today so Lupercalia was held in the spring and regarded as a festival of purification and fertility. It is implied that purification is how the month of February gets its name (February comes from the latin Februare meaning to purify). The Lupercalia occasion was happy and festive. Another unique custom of Feast of Lupercalia was the pairing of young boys and girls who otherwise lived a strictly separated lives. During the evening, all the young marriageable girls used to place a chit of their name in a big urn. Each young man used to draw out a name of a girl from the urn and became paired with that girl for the rest of the year. Quite often, the paired couple would fall in love and marry. As Christianity began to slowly take over the pagan pantheons, it frequently replaced the festivals of the pagan gods with more Christianity celebrations. It was easier to convert the local population if they could continue to celebrate on the same days, the only difference was they would just be instructed to celebrate different people and ideologies. Lupercalia, with its lover lottery, had no place in the new Christian order. In the year 496 AD, Pope Gelasius did away with the festival of Lupercalia, citing that it was pagan and immoral. He chose Valentine as the patron saint of lovers, who would be honored at the new festival on the 14th of every February. The church decided to come up with its own lottery and so the feast of St. Valentine featured a lottery of Saints. After learning the true origin of Valentine’s day, I began to see that many of the gentile ways we show love and romance also goes back to Ancient Rome. Every February 14 since 496 A. D people across the United States and in other places around the world, chocolate, flowers and gifts are exchanged between loved ones, all in the name of St. Valentine. However, after learning about the Lupercalia festival of Ancient Rome, I can see how it all influenced to our modern day Valentine’s Day. In most cases on Valentine’s Day, the male is the one that chooses a Valentine and approaches her with a gift of flowers or chocolate, just as in the Lupercalia festival the male approaches the female with a whipping of goat skin. To modern day society the whipping of goat skin is seen as a wrongdoing. However,women would gladly received the whipping, as they believed that the touch of the goatskin would render them fruitful and bring easy childbirth. It is important to understand that each religion and culture has its own ways of â€Å"seeing† things. Love is one of the main concerns that each religion sees differently. Ancient Romans saw love through their festival of Lupercalia that contributed to mating, fertilizing, and uniting a man and a woman. Our modern day, Christianized society sees love through celebrations of Valentine’s day and the affectionate ways of buying gifts such as flowers and chocolate. I do not believe that either religion is right or wrong with their celebrations and festivals. In my opinion, each religion should have its own unique celebration of love and romance.

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buy custom Solving All-Band Interference essay The majority of up-and-coming radio technologies for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN), such as the Bluetooth protocol, are intended to function in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Given that both Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 devices use an identical frequency band and might aptly collaborate in a laptop or might be crowded on a desktop, interference can set in motion some noteworthy performance disturbances and setbacks. The key purpose of this paper is to explain the interference issue and to accentuate a coexistence structure and few solutions for these technologies to run under an ideal setting. A WPAN is a wireless and extemporized data exchanges structure that permits a number of autonomous devices to correspond. WPAN is differentiated from further kinds of wireless networks in terms of range and capacity. Communications in WPAN are generally restricted to an individual or entity and are able to broaden 10 meters through all paths. This is distinguished to Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) that normally cover up a fairly ranged geographic zone, such as a sole building or site. WLANs function in the 100-meter scale and are created to boost, instead of substituting customary cabled LANs. They are frequently employed to generate the closing little distance of connectivity between the central network and client. Users are able to link up the network with no worries of seeking a position to connect their processor or being obliged to put in costly modules and cables. The Bluetooth Specifications In this segment we provide a short outline of the Bluetooth technology (Group B.S.I., 1999). Bluetooth is a limited (0 m-10 m) wireless connection technology intended to substitute non-interoperable proprietary wires that link together phones, laptops, handhelds and additional convenient devices. Bluetooth functions in the ISM frequency band opening at 2.402 GHz and finishing at 2.483 GHz in the USA and Europe. Two or more components conversing on equal channels bring about the formation of a piconet, where one unit works as a master and others function as slaves. A channel is identified as a single pseudo-random occurrence bounding succession originating from the master devices 48-bit address and its Bluetooth regulator rate. Slaves in the piconet coordinate their timing and frequency bounding to the master, via a set up connection. The IEEE 802.11 Specifications The IEEE 802.11 regular [802] identifies both the physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) level protocols for WLANs. The IEEE 802.11 standard requires three diverse physical conditions: frequency hopping (FH) broad spectrum, direct sequence (DS) broad spectrum and infrared (IR). The broadcast strength for DS and FH devices is distinct at an upper limit of 1 W, where the recipients sensitivity is adjusted to -80 dBmW. Antenna gain is restricted to 6 dB highest. In this context we concentrate on the 802.11b requirement (DS broad spectrum) as it is mainly and mostly installed in addition to being in the identical frequency band as Bluetooth. Interferences The 2.4 GHz ISM band tolerates prime and minor functions. Minor or secondary operations comprise no authorization however must comply with regulations identified in the Federal Communications Commission Title 47 of the Code for Federal Regulations Part 15 (Com, 1998), corresponding to the overall emitted power and the deployment of the spread/broad spectrum inflection plans. Interference between the different uses is not tackled provided that the regulations are adopted and applied. Hence, the main disadvantage of the unuthorized ISM band is that frequencies are required to be allocated and latent intervention endured. As the spread/broad band and power systems are moderately effectual in coping with numerous users in the band, given that the radios are physically disconnected, the same does not hold true for close immediacy radios. Compound users, counting self-interfering of numerous users of the identical function, comprise the upshot of elevating the noise ground in the band, lea ding to a reduction in performance. The influence of interference might be yet more brutal, when radios of distinct applications employ the same band, while situated in near proximity. Consequently, the interference issue is featured by a time and frequency overlie, as described in Figure a. In such a case, a Bluetooth frequency hopping scheme absorbing 1 MHz of the band is revealed to partly cover a WLAN Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum indication absorbing a channel of 22 MHz bear in mind that the collision overlap instant relies on the frequency hopping model, and the transfer allocation of the Bluetooth and WLAN systems all together. Solutions to the Problem of All-Band Interference Lately, there have been numerous efforts to enumerate the weight of interference on mutually the WLAN and the Bluetooth performance. Printed upshots can be categorized in a minimum of three classes, conditional on whether they hinge on study, model or investigational depths. Systematic products founded on likelihood of packet collision were acquired by Shellhammer (2000), Ennis (1998) and Zyren (1999) for the WLAN packet failure and by Golmie et. al. (2001) for the Bluetooth packet slip. Even though these analytical products are most likely to portray a prior order estimate on the effect of interference and the performance degradation, they frequently generate a number of postulations relating to the traffic allocations and the process of the media access protocol Interference in the 2.4 GHz ISM spread 7, the thing that might make them not as much of a reality. More prominently, for the breakdown to be good, joint interference that can alter the traffic allocation for every scheme is regularly overlooked. Conversely, investigational upshots, counting the ones achieved by Kamerman (2000), Howitt et. al (2001) and Fumolari (2001) can be deemed more precise to the detriment of being excessively explicit to the performance tested. In effect, there is a selection of business-controlled actions oriented upon coexistence in the 2.4 GHz spread. The IEEE 802.15.2 Coexistence Task Group was established so as to assess the performance of Bluetooth devices hindering the WLAN devices and expand a pattern for coexistence, which will comprise of a variety of suggested observations and probably adjustments to the Bluetooth and the IEEE 802.11 standard requirements (802 11, 2007), that facilitate the accurate function of these protocols under a collaborating manner. Together, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) created its personal mission group on Coexistence. Both the Bluetooth and the IEEE functioning groups, preserve cooperation affiliations and are observing equivalent approaches for diminishing the force of interference. The suggestions measured by the groups vary from shared systems, aimed for Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 protocols to be executed and applied within the same mechanism, thus to completely self-re gulating solutions that depend on interference discovery and evaluation. A continuum/spectrum analyzer is the preeminent instrument to verify the occurrence of any movement on a frequency. The Carrier Busy check, presented in the Test list of options of Cisco Aironet links tasks as a replacement for this piece. Spectrum analyzers are mechanisms that one can employ to recognize and calculate the power of interfering RF signals. When a person spots the source, he is either capable of eliminating the source to remove RFI, or appositely protect the source. Narrowband indicators do not interrupt precedent data RF signals crosswise the whole RF band. Thus, one can as well select an exchange channel for the bridge where no narrowband RF intervention exists. For instance, if redundant RF signals disturb a channel, for example channel 12, one can arrange the wireless bridge to employ another channel, say channel 6, where no narrowband RFI takes place. Here are a few constraints one must verify, if there is a big number of cyclic redundancy check CRC slips: Line of Sight (LOS) - Test the LOS linking the transmitter and the receiver and verify that the LOS is apparent. Radio Interference - employ a channel that comprises lesser radio interference. Antennas and Cables - guarantee that the antennas and wires are suitable for the radio link space. Cisco suggests a site survey to facilitate the reduction of such faults. Royal Philips Electronics recently declared new 802.11b low-power Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Bluetooth semi-conductor 'system-in-a-package' (SiP) solutions, purposely crafted to function simultaneously in tiny model-feature devices such as smart phones, PDAs and other handy devices. Philips has expanded specific hardware and software, inserted and integrated within its WLAN and Bluetooth SiPs, in order to respond to this test.Moreover, a user can exploit a cellular phone featured with a Bluetooth wireless receiver to generate a call at the same time as utilizing the exact device to concurrently confirm data on the Internet, through a WLAN network, devoid of any interference. Mobilian Corp. shaped the simulation for the aim of describing Bluetooth and Wi-Fi interference upshots, and furthermore identifies solutions that would make coexistence and simultaneous function, possible. This extremely practical C program precisely outlines the conduct of both the PHY and MAC of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi together. Actually, most of the essential parameters argued, can be assorted to reproduce diverse states. If neither of the mentioned steps adequately tackle the issue, then one should consider employing a 5 GHz (802.11a) NICs and access points at any rate, for the projected future, a user can entirely keep away from RF interference in this spread. He will as well collect a great deal of high throughput; nonetheless, the narrow series might need additional access points and high outlays. Another approach is Ericsson's realization of AFH, Adaptive Frequency Hopping; it is put together on proficient algorithms and filters that allow the link administrator to effectively execute Channel Assessment, and thus, guiding AFH to be significantly more efficient than is needed by the Bluetooth Specification. The subsequent standard has been functional when expanding an AFH result for incorporation with Ericsson's Bluetooth IP model solutions: Trivial effect on CPU weight for nominal power expenditure Minimum trace regarding both software and hardware Simplest integration with a broad selection of radio chips Ericsson's completion of AFH is moreover improved and reinforced by further methods that target an empowerment in sound feature. A good example would be an Extended SCO, an additional new quality of Bluetooth 1.2. This purpose makes it likely to notice and re-broadcast lost or corrupted voice packets through a two-way course, with almost no cutback of instantaneous performance. Buy custom Solving All-Band Interference essay

Child Abuse Essay Example

Child Abuse Essay Example Child Abuse Essay Child Abuse Essay An Attributional or Social-Cognitive Approach to Causality Physical maltreatmentis one of the prima causes of decease for kids worldwide. UNICEF ( 2003 ) has estimated that, in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member provinces,kid maltreatment and disregardlead to 3500 deceases per twelvemonth. Furthermore, the entire figure of instances of maltreatment is estimated to be every bit much as two-thousand times higher than the figure of deceases due to maltreatment. What is the account for, or the cause of,kid maltreatment? Attempts to understand and extenuate kid ill-treatment have met withlimited success. A figure of factors have been identified ascorrelates of child ill-treatment. Included in these factors are lowsocioeconomic position, a cultural background tolerant of force, abreakdown of the household, societal isolation, kid morbidity, parentalmental unwellness and substance maltreatment, and parents who were abused duringtheir ain childhood. However, the events that lead to maltreatment arecomplex and are non good understood within any individual theoreticalframework. Frustration with the low impact of aetiologic research inthis country may explicate the displacement of focal point for many research workers, a shiftaway from causes of maltreatment toward intercessions with maltreatment subsisters.While it is improbable that an across-the-board theory is possible, anattributional attack to progressing the apprehension of thismulti-faceted phenomenon has gained some currency in psychologicalliterature. Attribution theory predicts that some signifier of aggressivebehavior, such as kid maltreatment, will be focused on the individual or objectperceived to be the knowing cause of a negative event. Incontrast, individuals or objects perceived as causally-linked with anegative event but in an unwilled manner are less likely to bethe receivers of focussed aggression ; in fact, a sympathetic responseis posited as more likely under these conditions. The followers is a treatment of the application of this theoretical account tothe sphere of child ill-treatment ; in peculiar, physical maltreatment. Inthe specific theoretical account to be discussed, physical maltreatment is conceptualized asan case of aggression, and attributional procedures are imbeddedwithin the context of a social-cognitive attack to aggression. Theutility and restrictions of this theoretical model, and itsimplications as a theoretical account for preventative intercession, will bediscussed.It should be understood at the beginning that wearing any one particulartheoretical position, with its defined and finite set of constructs, concepts and relationships, imposes a needfully restricting conditionon understanding causality as it relates to the comprehensiveness and range ofthekid maltreatment phenomenon. Perforce, a battalion of other lending variables is disregarded. About the Model With a focal point onphysical kid maltreatmentas an incidence ofaggression, it foremost is necessary to understand the social-cognitiveapproach to understanding aggression. The slightly mechanisticfrustration-aggression hypothesis ( Dollard et al. , 1939 ) , whichdominated earlier research on aggression, alerted the research worker andpractitioner to look for a anterior frustrating event. This attack had, and continues to hold, advocators and pertinence in the field ofchild abuse research. By contrast, an deduction of the social-cognitive attack isthat, given the presence of aggressive behaviour, one should look forthe aggressor’s judgement that the victim is personally responsible fora anterior negative event and for the aggressor’s feelings of choler towardthe victim. This theoretical account assumes that the perceptual experiences of negativeevents, illations sing possible motivations for those events, andother information-processing activities are cardinal to understandingthe instrumentality and etiology of hostile behaviours, the how and thewhy of aggression ( Crick A ; Dodge, 1994 ) . Within this position, attributional analyses focus on the procedure of imputing or assigningcausality for the happening of consequence events that are experient aspositive or negative, in changing grades, by the percipient. Attributional theoretical accounts differ from other social-cognitive signifiers ofanalysis in the inclusion of affect as a cardinal concept ( Wei ner,1986, 1995 ) . Adding affect to the mix consequences in a widening of thequality, every bit good as measure, of possible forecasters of aggression. As Weiner ( 1995 ) pointed out, affect takes us beyond the kingdom of coldand nonsubjective cognitive factors. In ascription theory, the perceived intentionality/controllabilityof an consequence event experienced as hostile constitutes the decidingfactor for the anticipation of whether an aggressive response willoccur. If a individual attributes a negative event to the voluntaryactions of another, so some signifier of aggression directed at theperceived cause of the event can be predicted. On the other manus, ifthe perceived cause of the negative event is believed to hold actedinvoluntarily, so a less aggressive response would be predicted. Whether the causal act is perceived as within or beyond the actor’scontrol is polar here, and the assignment of duty for theact determines the quality of the response. Deleterious actions, for illustration, elicit illations of duty if the histrion is perceived to possess cognition of the nature of the actand the purpose to bring down hurt. Conversely, duty is less likely to be assigned to an histrion whose behaviour is deemed to beoutside his control or the negative affect associated with the actionis judged to be unintended ( Graham, Weiner, A ; Zucker, 1997 ) . A ill-famed illustration of this mediational function forvolition/controllability in the assignment of duty may beseen in the Nazi war offenses adjudication proceedings. A less utmost illustration might be the greater assignment of duty for fiscal success to a individual perceived as holding worked difficult than to a lottery victor. These judgements of will and purpose are cardinal to the predictionof aggression from an attributional point of view. An often-replicatedfinding in the literature on childhood aggression is that kids andadolescents who tend to exhibit aggressive behaviour are more likely toassign hostile purposes to others than are their less aggressivepeers ( Crick A ; Dodge, 1994 ) . That perceptual experience can represent amotive for farther aggression in the pretense of requital and justness.In add-on, Averill ( 1983 ) and Weiner ( 1995 ) provided evidencedemonstrating that the perceptual experience of personal duty for aninjurious act can arouse choler and the related, affectively-negativeexperiences. This determination is in line with the thought from appraisaltheory that ideas have the capacity to arouse emotions ( Ellsworth A ; Smith, 1988 ) . In bend, choler has been demonstrated to arouseaggressive, relatiative behaviour ( Berkowitz, 1993 ) . The physiologicalexperience of choler can wor k as a stimulation to hostile action. Judgments sing duty for an consequence event besides canresult in more positive attendant behaviour. Contextual cues provide arich beginning of information for the appraisal of personalresponsibility. For illustration, if one’s remark is ignored by another, the negative affect, choler and aggression that might be generated giventhe premise of an knowing rebuff could be mitigated by theexplanatory cue of a noisy room. If an person is non heldpersonally responsible for doing a negative event, so the door possibly opened for a sympathetic response to that individual ( Schmidt A ; Weiner, 1988 ; Weiner, 1995 ) . In fact, surveies of selflessness ( i.e. , assisting behaviour ) have providedvery strong support for the prognostic value of attributional attacks. This literature testifies to the function of inferred duty in interceding behavioural responses to the perceived cause of an consequence event. It has been demonstrated, time-after-time, that people tend to react with sympathy and selfless behaviour given that the individual in demand of aid is non judged to be responsible for his/her predicament. Conversely, if the cause of a person’s hurt is attributed to actions within the person’s voluntary control, so people tend to react with choler and to keep back aid. For illustration, the inclination tocome to the assistance of a pupil, on crutches and have oning a dramatis personae, who dropsan armful of text editions, should be more marked than assisting behavior manifested toward the same student’s dropping a heap of magazines that extol utmost athleticss. Merely as attributional procedures do non intercede all aggression, altruismmay be found in the absence of responsibility-mediated ascriptions. However, ascription theory has a important differentiation in itsability to be applied to, and have prognostic cogency within, thedomains of both pro-social and antisocial interpersonal behaviour. Formany research workers, this grounds of the rich and robust quality of theattributional model places it among the general theories ofhuman motive. Using Attribution Theory to Child Abuse Two sequences qualifying the etiology of aggressive versusnonaggressive responses to negative consequence events can be derived fromthe theoretical relationships and the empirical grounds cited thusfar: Attribution of causality for a negative consequence event to a peculiar individual ( mark ) ? illation of personal duty for the negative event ? increased choler and decreased sympathy ? aggressive behaviour directed toward the mark. Attribution of causality for a negative consequence event to a peculiar individual ( mark ) ? no personal duty for the consequence event is inferred ? decreased choler and increased sympathy ? no aggressive behaviour directed toward the mark. These attribution-assessment-emotion-behavior sequences can be appliedspecifically to the kingdom of physical kid maltreatment. See thefollowing scenario. Small Janey paths mud into the house afterplaying outside. The female parent knows that Janey is the cause for muddyfootprints on her clean floor ( i.e. , ascription of causality for anegative consequence event to a mark ) . The female parent believes that Janey didthis deliberately, to do her more work ( i.e. , locates personalresponsibility for the event in the mark ) . The female parent becomes angryand work stoppages Janey. Alternatively, the female parent may recognize that Janeydid non purposively muddy the floor ; that she was trying to honorher newly-taught enamored preparation by hotfooting to the bathroom. The muddyfloor remains a negative event and Janey’s behaviour remains the cause ; nevertheless, the purpose to execute a negative action is non assigned toJaney. Therefore, the female parent directs less anger an d more sympathytoward her girl, and aggressive behaviour toward Janey is non thechosen response. The determiners of child ill-treatment include both attributional ( cognitive ) and affectional ( emotional ) constituents. This interpretationof the causes for physical kid maltreatment has received some support in theresearch literature. A cardinal ancestor of maltreatment was, at one clip, believed to be unrealistic outlooks on the portion of the parentsregarding the developmental gait of the kid ( Spinetta A ; Rigler,1972 ) . These false outlooks can be interpreted as illations ofcontrollability that mediated aggressive responses ( e.g. , Bradley A ; Peters, 1991 ) . Other findings related to this point have indicatedthat opprobrious parents tend to comprehend intentionality or control by thechild in the public presentation of negative behaviours ( Bugenthal, 1987 ; Bugenthal et al. , 1989 ; MacKinnon-Lewis et al. , 1992 ) . These informations areconsistent with the attributional analyses of kid maltreatment reported byBauer and Twentyman ( 1985 ) , Graham and co-workers ( 2001 ) , and Larranceand Twentyman ( 1983 ) . Milner and Foody ( 1994 ) reported the resistanceof parents at-risk for kid maltreatment to altering their ascriptions ofintentionality on the portion of the kid, even in the face of mitigatinginformation ( e.g. , contextual cues ) .In drumhead, there are empirical findings in support of an attributionalapproach to understanding physical kid maltreatment. However, the figure ofstudies is comparatively little. Deductions for Intervention The attributional attack and research findings reviewed haveimplications for preventative intercessions with at-risk health professionals. Oneobvious get downing point is attributional alteration, developing health professionals tosee their kids as less in control of, and less responsible for, their negative behaviours. Attributional therapy has been used toproduce alterations in behaviour by changing causal believing in educationaland clinical scenes for more than twenty old ages ( Forsterling, 1985 ) . Abusive health professionals can be instructed sing the meaningresponsibility, how accurately to deduce intentionality, and howcircumstances can alter illations sing incrimination. Decision A shared belief among research worker and theoreticians is that multiplesufficient causes exist and apply to peculiar manifestations ofaggression, includingkid maltreatment. For illustration, Belsky’s ( 1993 ) reappraisal of the literature covering with child ill-treatment concluded that: â€Å"All excessively unhappily, there are many tracts to child abuse† ( p. 413 ) . Were your parents opprobrious? Is it excessively warm in your house? Are you prejudiced? Do you experience frustrated? Are you mentally ill? A â€Å"yes† response to any of these inquiries, aswell as a mark of others, indicates that you are, to some grade, at hazard for mistreating a kid.Any individual history can embrace merely a little part of the dynamicsof aggression, in general, or of child maltreatment, in peculiar. While thetelling of a consistent narrative is the virtuousness of attachment to a particulartheoretical model or way, the way itself, by rights of its ownparticular properties, imposes bounds of understanding on thestory-teller and the audience. Attribution theory promotes a compelling position of the cognitive andaffective factors that can take to physical kid maltreatment or to asympathetic response. Possibly it is most compelling in its offering of intercessions toprevent mistreatment of kids, a virtuousness merely briefly touched upon in this paper. Overall, more research is needed, every bit good as the acknowledgment that the portion of theaetiologic narrativebased on ascription theory is a little portion, so.