Afflict vs. Inflict

Afflict vs. Inflict Afflict vs. Inflict Afflict vs. Inflict By Guest Author Although the words afflict and inflict have similar meanings and are often used in similar ways, they are far from interchangeable in modern English usage. The OED offers the following definitions of afflict: Afflict: 1. trans. To dash down, overthrow, cast down, deject, humble, in mind, body, or estate. 2. intr. To become downcast (with trouble). 3. trans. To distress with bodily or mental suffering; to trouble grievously, torment. refl. To distress oneself, grieve. In the case of afflict the third definition is the closest to the most common use of the word. The emphasis is on the physical or psychological distress caused by whatever the affliction may be. The word afflict is most commonly used when describing an illness or condition. For example: He was severely afflicted with gout. She suffers from a terrible affliction. These sentences demonstrate an accurate use of the word as they describe a form of physical distress. Inflict is defined by the OED as follows: Inflict: 1. trans. To lay on as a stroke, blow, or wound; to impose as something that must be suffered or endured; to cause to be borne. 2. To impose something unwelcome. (Often jocular). The emphasis of the word inflict is upon the imposition, the force and the unwelcome nature with which whatever is being inflicted upon a person is being inflicted. For example: A severe punishment was inflicted on the hooligan. The teacher inflicted a thirty minute detention upon the rowdy pupil. This is an accurate use of the word as it concentrates not on the punishment and the distress it causes but the force with which the punishment was administered. It is of little surprise that these two words are so regularly confused as the OED mentions the word affliction in a further definition of the word inflict as follows: With inverted construction: To afflict, assail, trouble (a person) with something painful or disagreeable. An additional note added to this strand of the definition explains that this is now a rare use of the word inflict. Traditionally the words were more interchangeable but in modern English they are clearly very separate entities. When in doubt ask yourself whether or not you are talking about something somebody is doing to another person – inflict or whether you are talking about something with which somebody is suffering and the distress it is causing them – afflict. This will enable you to use each of the words in the most commonly understood terms. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidPrecedent vs. PrecedenceConfusion of Subjective and Objective Pronouns

Compare and contrast these two 20th century love poems - Love Birds by Paul Henry and Overheard in County Sligo by Gillian Clarke.

Compare and contrast these two 20th century love poems - Love Birds by Paul Henry and Overheard in County Sligo by Gillian Clarke. The two poems are about love. One portrays a very distant marriage, the other portrays a very committed marriage. Both poems are of Welch relevance. Gillian Clarke and Paul Henry were both born in Wales.I am going to begin with the poem "Overheard in County Sligo."The first line of the poem :"I married a man from County Roscommon" suggests they have a distant relationship in the way she says "a man" and does not give him a name. He may not mean much to her. The second line has the phrase "Back of beyond." This seems like a negative feature. I think the woman possibly feels as if she is nowhere or maybe it is a symbol of her life. The third and fourth lines suggest a pastoral area and with the animals mentioned she probably lives on a dairy farm.The second verse gives images of movement.The Old English epic poem Beowulf is written in al...The third and fourth lines say"and the road runs down through the open gateand freedoms there for the taking."I think this suggests freedom. Nobody is stopping her from leaving, but she is scared, maybe of being alone with nobody to turn to. I think she is also frightened and possibly struggling with what people believe women should be happy with. She is a woman who has everything but her dreams.The third verse talks about what she had wanted to be. The first line :"I had thought to work on the Abbey Stage." I think she had longed to be an actress and to be able to express herself physically, but now she feels trapped and all her feelings are bottled up inside her. She has no way to let them out. Also the second line says : "Or to have my name in a book."...

Organization behavior

Organization behavior Introduction Marketers all over the world rely upon their understanding of the consumer decision-making process to be successful in their day-to-day practices. Consumer behaviour captures all the activities of consumers that range from searching of the suitable products or services, their utility, all the way to the disposal of such products or services. Different scholars have developed models, strategies and theories that seek to clarify the consumer decision-making process.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organization behavior Consumer decision-making is a process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marketers rely upon the knowledge of this process in their identification of the most effective points of entry to influence the choices and decisions made by the various consumers to their advantage (Bettman et al. 1998, p.195). Since it is common knowledge that the consumer decision-making is a series of steps that con stitute the whole process, the knowledge of what comprises each of the steps, as presented by the different models, is vital for any marketer seeking to be successful in marketing either products or services. The marketer takes the responsibility of a guide to the consumer. Therefore, he/ she should be able to provide a good share of information about the effect of the decision that the consumer makes (Bilkey 2010, p. 20). Successful dissemination of correct information about the important attributes of a given product, as well as its advantages in comparison to those offered by the competitors, is important in making sales and maintaining a clientele base. This paper aims at analysing the consumer decision-making process determining why it is necessary for marketers to understand the process in details to secure sales and maintain a satisfied client base. The consumer decision-making process There are a number of models put in place by marketers to explain the consumers’ dec ision-making process. The most common model is an adaption of the scientific method, which comprises of five basic steps. For the purposes of marketing, research, as well as understanding the buying patterns of different consumer segments, it is important for marketers to understand what each of the steps contain, which leads into each other (Doney, Cannon 2008, p.35). The claim holds because each of the steps corresponds to an internal psychological process that should be understood by every marketer whose aim is to lead the pack when it comes to securing product and services sales. The consumer decision-making process and the corresponding internal psychological processes are as follows:Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Need recognition – Motivation The need recognition is the initial step in the consumer decision-making process. This usually takes place w hen a given consumer realises the existence of a given need. As a result, he/she is motivated to venture into the decision-making process to see that the need is resolved (Bettman 1999, p.45). It is important for any marketer to have a deep understanding of what the consumer undergoes in this particular level in the decision-making process, as well as the specific needs that they seek to satisfy to translate them into the purchase criteria. The information that marketers get at this point of the process is critical in that it allows them to portray the most-felt need of the consumer in the promotional messages (Arzen 2005, p.209). Need recognition might be a simple process in the consumer decision-making process. However, the manner in which the consumer perceives any purchase situation and is subsequently motivated to resolve it becomes very influential to the remaining steps in the decision-making process. To understand deeply the reasons behind a given consumer’s purchases , marketers should devote a lot of their time in understanding the motives – the factor that compel the consumer to opt for a particular option. Need recognition might take place because of a change in the current or desired consumer’s state. Both internal and external factors might be responsible for these causes. For a marketer to align himself/herself with the most-felt need of the consumer, he or she must invest a great deal of effort to understand the factors that result to the consumer’s need recognition. These factors include, but not limited to the following: a. Out of stock When consumers exhaust their existing supplies, need recognition often occurs, as there is the need to replenish their stock (Ajzen, Fishbein 1980, p.5). The understanding of this factor ensures that a given marketer keeps the consumer constantly supplied with the brands that they are familiar with or those to which they feel loyal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sa mple on Organization behavior Consumer decision-making is a process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More b. Dissatisfaction When a product, service, or a current situation does not satisfy a consumer, need recognition is created. For instance, the consumer might feel that a given product that they are used to is not comfortable anymore. Therefore, he/she sets out to get a more comfortable option that will ensure that they feel comfortable and satisfied. Through advertising, marketers can ensure that consumers are able to recognise when they are dissatisfied and when they need to make a purchase. c. New needs/ wants The lifestyles of people keep on changing drastically. With them, new needs or wants are created. A change in the day-to-day operations of a given person might result in the creation of new needs or wants. These become even more important than the previously existing ones. Through a constant market research, marketers are capable of recognising whenever new needs or wants are created by consumers to know exactly when to get involved in the process (Ajzen, Fishbein 1980, p.16). Information search- perception Once consumers are sure that their need can be satisfied through making a purchase, they embark on a journey to search for useful information that will enable them make the right decisions. The search usually begins with a scan of the consumer’s memory to recall whether there is any useful information from their experiences. According to Doney and Cannon (2008, p.41), this is termed as an internal search. If there is not any relevant or useful information, the consumer goes to the extent of conducting an external search (Bilkey 2010, p. 23). The knowledge of how the consumer gets and utilises information especially from the external sources is very important to the marketers. This is what is regarded as perception. External sources include but are not limited to a. Personal sourcesAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These include friends, relatives, and coworkers and so on. A consumer usually opts to get help in making the right purchase decision first from the people that are around him/ her. At this point, it is hard for the marketer to recognise and seize the opportunity unless they fortunately fall under that category. b. Marketer controlled sources These include information from advertisements, salespeople, displays or even the internet. It is through conducting effective market research that marketers are able to provide the information before their competitors and secure a chance to make a sale. c. Public sources Public sources that include information from media channels such as televisions, radios, print media such as magazine articles and newspapers provide information to consumers when preparing to make a purchase. Marketers often target the media to provide the information that influences the consumers’ purchase decision-making process. Alternative evaluation – Attitud e After acquiring the relevant and helpful information that will enable them to make the right purchase decision, the consumers move on to the alternative evaluation stage. It is in this particular stage that the consumers make a comparison of the various product brands that they have previously identified to ensure that they settled only for what ensures their needs or wants are catered for. The ultimate goal of most advertisement projects is to ensure that their product is involved in what is termed as the â€Å"evoked set†, which is a subset of brands that the consumer chooses as purchase options (Kohli 2009, p.61). Through effective advertisement, marketers create a â€Å"top –of –mind awareness† (Bettman 1999, p.23) to consumers to ensure that their products are not left out. While marketers tend to think of their products as â€Å"bundles of attributes†, the consumers view them as â€Å"bundles of benefits† according to their consequen ces. In the discipline of consumer behavior, attitude is one of the concepts that is heavily studied (Bettman 1999, p.23). Recent perspectives by scholars view attitudes as â€Å"a summary construct that represents an individual’s overall feelings towards or the evaluation of a product† (Kohli 2009, p. 63). Consumers express attitudes, which are of key importance to the marketers since, though them, they summarize their evaluation of a given item (brand or company) and make a representation of the positive or negative behavior tendencies (Ajzen, Fishbein 1980, p. 12). The various attitudes are related to the purchasing choices. That is why they are of great benefit to any marketer. Purchase decision- Integration In the process, when the consumers feel satisfied with the options that they have taken, they end up making a purchase decision. Under the inspiration of the alternative evaluation stage, the consumer may end up developing a purchase intention (Moorman et al. 2003, p.90). This is the predisposition to purchase a given brand. All the other personal sub-processes such as motivation and attitude formation influence the formation of the purchase intention and so on. However, one should note that the purchase decision is completely different from the actual purchase. This provides the chance for those marketers whose brands have not been chosen by the consumer for one reason or the other to attempt influencing the actual purchase, which is the most important part (Williamson 2000, p.466). Key to this stage is the manner in which consumers combine the information that they have about the characteristics of the brands that they had sampled in the evaluation stage (Lerner, Tiedens 2006, p.126). Through the analysis of this process, marketers become aware of the different decision rules or strategies that a number of consumers apply while making their ultimate decision. At this point, marketers should seek to know exactly which attributes appeal more to consumers to provide them with the relevant information, which works to their advantage. Post purchase evaluation- satisfaction The final stage of the consumer decision-making process is not the purchase but the post-purchase evaluation. After a consumer consumes a given product, he or she goes ahead to assess the utility or the performance of the product according to how it satisfactorily suits their needs. This stage is useful to marketers considering that the feedback gathered at this stage will definitely influence the consumers’ purchase decisions in the future (Williamson 2000, p. 472). When consumers are not satisfied with a given brand that they have purchased, they end up forming negative attitudes towards it. This can even make them influence other people in their purchase decisions. When the consumer’s goal is achieved, this means, the expectations have been met or have been exceeded by the consumption of the given brand (Kohli 2009, p. 64). This me ans that the consumer will not hesitate in the future to purchase the same brand for a similar need or a related one. When a given brand satisfies a consumer, it does not mean that the marketer should feel aware, as the competitors are constantly devising ways to secure future sales. Conclusion Knowledge of the consumer decision-making process is very important to marketers in that, in every stage of the process, as described in the basic model, the marketers should be constantly involved to ensure that they influence the decisions made by the consumer. All the way from the need recognition stage of the process, the marketer should understand the dilemmas faced by the consumer in the effort of making the right decision. This knowledge provides them with the relevant knowledge on the entry points that will have the biggest impact when it comes to securing the sales (Williamson 2000, p.484). Effective understanding of the entire process not only ensures that sales are secured, but als o that the consumers remain loyal to their brands. References Ajzen, I Fishbein, M 1980, Understanding Attitude and Predicting Social Behaviour. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Arzen, E 2005, ‘The theory of planned behaviour’, Organisational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, vol. 50 no. 1, pp. 179-211. Bettman, J 1999, An information processing theory of consumer choice. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Bettman, J, Luce, M, Payne, J 1998, ‘Constructive consumer choice processes’, The  Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 25 no. 1, pp. 187–217. Bilkey, W.J., 2010. A psychological approach to consumer behavior analysis. Journal of  Marketing, 18, pp.18-25. Doney, P Cannon, J 2008, ‘An examination of the nature of trust in buyer-seller Relationships’, Journal of Marketing, vol. 61 no. 2, pp. 35-51. Kohli, A 2009, ‘Determinants of influence in organisational buying: a contingency approach’, Journal of Marketing , vol. 53 no. 1, pp. 50-65. Lerner, J Tiedens, L 2006, ‘Portrait of the angry decision maker: How appraisal tendencies shape angers influence on cognition’, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol. 19 no. 1, pp. 115–137. Moorman, C, Deshpande, R, Zaltman, G 2003, ‘Factors affecting trust in market research relationships’, Journal of Marketing, vol. 57 no.1, pp. 81-101. Williamson, O 2000, ‘Calculativeness, trust, and economic organisation’, Journal of Law and Economics, vol. 36 no. 1, pp. 453-486.

Critically evaluate the extent to which the change process in Essay

Critically evaluate the extent to which the change process in organisations is influenced by the attitudes and beliefs of individual managers more than the dynamics within the group - Essay Example The success of ant change program determines the success of the management as change has become one of the major challenges facing human resource managers and employees in equal measures. Changes in an organization are known to affect the people in such organizations positively or negatively depending on the position of an individual in the leadership hierarchy2. Resistance to change has become part of any organization and this explains the multiple academic researchers conducted to evaluate the impacts of resistance on the success of an organization. For an organization to successfully change from its traditional approach to a new one based on market needs, a number of factors must be visible within the organization3. Their attitude and belief in the change being implemented impacts to a lager extent on the success on the plan as opposed to the dynamism of the organization and its structural willingness to adapt to new methods of conducting business. In this paper, the level by which the attitude and belief of managers and top leaders of an organization influence the change program will be evaluated relative to the impact of the dynamism of the organization to the same. Attitude is defined as the feeling and perception that an individual develops towards a particular event or process which affects their ability to adopt a given program or idea. The attitude of managers on change impact on the change program in a similar or in a greater manner on the change process in an organization and such an attitude is easily passed to the employees that these managers are tasked to supervise. Within the psychological discourse, attitude has been shown to influence the tendency of an individual to act, feel, reason and even respond to a particular stimuli in life4. Attitude thus affects the cognition of an individual towards changes in an

Nuisance Case Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nuisance Case Law - Essay Example Winfield and Jolowize define private nuisance as an 'unlawful interference with a person's use or enjoyment of land, or some right over, or in connection, with it'. Lord Lloyd in Hunter v Canary Wharf1 stated that private nuisances are of three kinds. They are (1) nuisance by encroachment on a neighbour's land; (2) nuisance by direct physical injury to a neighbour's land; and (3) nuisance by interference with a neighbour's quiet enjoyment of his land. In Malone v Laskey 2 it was held that only a person who has a proprietary interest in the land affected by the nuisance can sue, for example, owner or reversioner, or be in exclusive possession or occupation of it as tenant or under a licence to occupy. Any person who creates the nuisance can be sued, whether or not that person is the occupier of the land at the time of the action. Public nuisance, in contrast, is both a crime and trot. It is defined by Romer L.J in Attorney-General v P.Y.A. Quarries Ltd 3 'any nuisance is "public" which materially affects the reasonable comfort and convenience of life of a class of Her Majesty's Subjects." However, now it needs to discuss about Statutory Nuisance. ... The first method is to require certain trades (referred to as 'offensive trades, and described in Acts of Parliament or local by laws) to be licensed in advance by the local authority. S.107 (1) of the Public Health Act 1936 provides a list of such trades (e.g. fat-extractor, fat -glue maker, shop- or tallow- or tripe-boiler), all of which are likely to cause obnoxious fumes or smells, while other provision of the Act (as well as Local Government Act, s.235) enable local authorities to extend the scope of the legislation to other treads or business, subject to confirmation by the Secretary of State. The second method is to describe certain unacceptable states of affairs as statutory nuisances and to provide summary remedies for them. For instance, section 92 (1) of the Public Health Act 1936 described certain matters as 'statutory nuisances, if they were nuisances at common law, or were 'prejudicial to health' (described by s. 343(1) as 'injurious or likely to cause injury to health'). Run down or defective premises, whether an actionable nuisance or not, may come under statutory nuisance prejudicial to health; and the same qualification may apply to the keeping of animals and to accumulations or deposits, such as manure or refuse. The Clean Air Act 1956, section 16, also provided the emission of smoke might, in certain circumstance, be treated as a statutory nuisance for the purposes of the Public health Act 1936. The Environmental Protection Act 1990 was passed to consolidate much of this material and the current matters which amount to a statutory nuisance are to be found in section 79. Where a statutory nuisance has been committed, it will be usual for the local authority to serve abatement notice, which, if not complied with,

Business analytics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business analytics - Research Paper Example Imagine an organization in which the marketing department requires key reports from the technology department. Clearly, the issue of latency can be a factor that can delay essential decision making. With the boom of e-commerce, this has become even more pivotal. For many decades, companies have established itself as one of the most premiere companies internationally. Business Analytics (2014) In order to harness the growth of customers worldwide, McDonald’s has created data warehousing that has allowed the company to understand the customers, track inventory, and monitor financials. All of these components are integrated in one dashboard that has harnessed BI. A centralized information from all the sources (e.g. point-of-sale (POS) system, equipment monitoring, etc) where all sorts of information, real-time feeds and legacy information, can be monitored and analyzed in most efficient and precise way via data warehousing. Oracle ERP system, which can handle most day-to-day business functions, would serve as the hub. POS and other devices use business Analytics software to gather sales information and marketing data, which is then transferred to an Oracle database for analysis would help organizations have robust information of their business processes and assist them monitoring the progress of their business in the terms of sales, revenues, inventory management, staff allocation, location of the business in terms of which is profitable or unprofitable, and also gives them the head start to mitigate any risk.

Don Quixote's madness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Don Quixote's madness - Research Paper Example Unsuccessful in his first major quest, he set out on a second adventure with his servant Sancho Panza whom he pleaded with to accompany him on the journey as a squire. As a measure of compensation, Don Quixote promised to make Sancho the Governor of an Isle. Sancho, a farmer and a family man was chosen as the squire who will accompany him throughout his quest into claiming lands and portions for his self-glorification. They both rode on his horse across the cities of Spain in quest of glory and fame. In addition, there was a woman whom Don Quixote fell in love with and at every point he is in distress, he recognizes her as a point of strength and fortress. On his second mission, he encountered people that influence and shape his idea and disposition about life even when such disposition negates his belief and the reason for his conquest. He met a boy in the custody of an evil man and decided to leave him because he was assured of his safety. Sancho, being a loyal servant never for on ce departed from him even though he received the brunt for Don Quixote’s ill judgment. ... He refused to heed to the words of Sancho, rebuking him not to meddle with his quest saying he is not a knight and does not have the instinct of facing giants at war (Ludlum 146). Since he never wanted to hearken to the advice of Sancho, he advanced further at the mill with the mind of attacking the giants he saw instead of the windmills, as he charged further, there was a heavy wind that caused the sail in the windmill. When he saw this, then he believed the giants were trying to use magic that multiplied their hands. On sighting the multiple hands of his perceived giants, he sought for the support of his lover Dulcinea as a way of encouraging himself to fight his giants (Cervantes 65). This was common of Don Quixote throughout the novel as he frequently have his mind set on Dulcinea (Mancing 147), making the whole story seem as if he was on the quest to impress her rather than set himself as the greatest knight. He approached the windmill and launched his sword, but his sword and l ance were crushed by the windmill and fell to the ground. Sancho saw the bad state of his master and he quickly rushed to help him, instead of Don Quixote conceding to his mistake, he was bent on an enemy enchanter turning the giants into windmill. He was still under the influence of the stories of major knights he had read about, his ambition to surpass their achievements, and coupled with his desire of experiencing the love affairs those knights had in the books he read. Because of this, his quest for love became stronger and he would sacrifice himself for beauty that seems to put him in trouble. His nature of doing things got him into trouble with two monks he perceived as enemies capturing a princess. He engaged in a combat with one of the monk and threw him over